The rocket science and industry is so high tech and so advanced that it has sparked the well known expression: "It's rocket science". But is it? In this time we live in we should strive to know more about the world around us and knowing a little bit of science is surely going to help you in many other situations so this is why I write this rather educational article which is trying to break the science up into small easy to digest pieces to quench the thirst of the usual reader instead of focusing on only the scientists. 

https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2015/12/19/02/18/soyuz-launch-1099402_960_720.jpg<br><a href="https://pixabay.com/en/soyuz-launch-space-shuttle-1099402/">Source</a>

https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg

To better understand how this engine works we need to understand how the basic rocket engine works. When we are talking about a rocket engine, your imagination will provide you with an engine like these ones:
<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Gemini_and_Apollo_rocket_engines.jpg<br><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gemini_and_Apollo_rocket_engines.jpg">Source</a></center>
Without going into too many details about the operation principles which I will probably bore you another time with as others have <a href="https://steemit.com/steemiteducation/@gauss01/why-rocket-engine-have-converging-diverging-nozzle">written</a> about it and have been <a href="https://steemit.com/steemstem/@jorge150785/rocket-engine-and-its-fuel"> approved</a> by SteemSTEM, the basic principle is that propellant ( fuel + oxidizer) is pumped into a combustion chamber via a turbopump and after being ignited, the exhaust goes through a narrow part called nozzle which speeds the expanding gasses to a supersonic speed which are then directed by the nozzle skirt extension (the recognizable cone or bell of the engine) which directs the flow in a straight line, as any other direction would reduce the efficiency of the flow. 


This physical process of creating and directing thrust is using Newton's Third Law, which I have explained in a <a href="https://steemit.com/steemstem/@alexdory/how-do-rockets-really-get-to-where-they-re-headed-orbital-mechanics">previous article</a> in my space series. 
https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg
<h4>So why is it ancient tech?</h4>
<p>Because from the invention of the engine back in the 50's and 60's we have done practically nothing to improve the design, which is severely flawed, and it all comes into perspective when you ask yourself what is the engine supposed to do and what it actually does?</p>

<p>Unlike the first use of a missile, which travels horizontally at the same atmospheric pressure, the rocket travels perpendicular through all of the atmospheric layers, of different pressures. Now, if you are not a flat earther, the education should have taught you that the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) is the pressure exerted by the weight of all of the "air" particles onto any object under it.    </p>

<div class="pull-right"><center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Atmospheric_Pressure_vs._Altitude.png<br><sub>As the rocket encounters reduced pressure most of the following situations will successively happen. </sub><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure#/media/File:Atmospheric_Pressure_vs._Altitude.png">Source</a></center></div>

<h4>What does this mean to our simple design rocket engine?</h4>
The most important consequence is that the varying pressure is affecting the exhaust gasses coming out of the nozzle skirt extension (the bell of the rocket) into ways that can be catastrophic or just render the engine crassly inefficient. 

The following figure can explain the nozzle skirt extension aperture limitations and I will explain a few of the situations while you get to see the graphic: 

<div class="pull-left">https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Rocket_nozzle_expansion.svg/317px-Rocket_nozzle_expansion.svg.png<br><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rocket_nozzle_expansion.svg">Source</a></div>


I have said it before, the most efficient way to propel a rocket is by igniting the gasses and ensuring that they are evacuated in a straight perpendicular way so the second figure is the "right" way to do it if we want to get anywhere efficiently. And with the distance to Mars taking us 3 to 6 months of travel time, this is definitely something we want to do :) 
<p>
The first figure is the inefficient way to travel because the expansion of the gasses outside of the nozzle skirt extension is 
reducing the efficiency. </p>
<p>The third situation ( called over-expansion) is the reduction in the gasses flow due to the increased atmospheric pressure and while it doesn't reduce efficiency it can put the nozzle skirt through higher loads and reduce its lifespan.</p> 
<p>The last situation ( called grossly over-expansion) is usually only encountered at engine start-up, for a few nanoseconds, as the forces to which the nozzle skirt extension would be subjected to and vibrations would be so great it would cause a <b>"rapid unplanned engine deconstruction" </b> or how we usually refer to it,  a <b>BOOM</b></p>
<br>
<h4>So how was this fixed by the rocket science industry?</h4> 
<p>It simply wasn't. It was deemed too expensive and after 20 years of engine research stagnation and several clumsy attempts by NASA, Lockheed Martin and others, the funding was cut ( I will go on a limb here and say that it was redirected by the Bush Administration towards military spending in Iraq but we have no ways to actually know where those money actually went) and all we have of the project and prototype is this pixelated image of the X-33 project:</p>

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/X-33_Venture_Star.jpg<br><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:X-33_Venture_Star.jpg">Source</a>

Which is just sad for science! 
I will search the blockchain to see if I can explain it to you in more details, the project was amazing and it got so many technologies in one place that it still astounds me as to where we could have been today if it would have been successfully funded.

<div class=pull-right>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYK7d2Mxo2Lpz3kCDoKzh5t88C5MvjFinJnxKGK6XeKyN/image.png<br>Source: screen capture of a rocket launch</div>

<h4>The conclusion of the fixed nozzle skirt engine?</h4>
<p>It can only work efficiently at a single atmospheric pressure and that can't be at the middle of the atmosphere because the over-expansion is much more dangerous so it has to be the most efficient RIGHT AT THE TAKEOFF, then the engine loses its efficiency rapidly. It's why we see those flowers when we watch a rocket launch burn into the higher atmosphere.</p>

<h4>The use of a variable nozzle skirt is not a solution</h4>
<p>Even with the material advancements and the improvement of previous designs with materials like graphite and tungsten, the use of ablative walls and regenerative cooling that some newer designs like the ones from SpaceX use, the traditional bell engine is too heavy to actually make a difference, as the added weight would match the weight of additional fuel being added just to overcome the inefficiency of the engine. </p>
https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg
<h4>Meet the alternative. The Aerospike engine!</h4>
<p>While it is hardly a new engine per se, this type of engine is revolving around an inverted cone or bell, designed to prevent structural loss in case of over-expansion and to allow for the atmospheric pressure to press the gasses to the walls of the inside cone, while better materials help with the cooling and with stability and thrust variations. This type of engine can come in a radial shape, where it gets its name of aerospike or in a linear configuration, which is highly modular. But let's just see it: </p>

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Non-truncated_toroidal_aerospike_nozzle.jpg<br><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Non-truncated_toroidal_aerospike_nozzle.jpg">Source</a>

It doesn't look that cool, doesn't it? It's because the only functional engines are tiny engines on demonstrators (tiny functional rockets and missiles built just to illustrate a concept). 
The first design and tests were made in the 1960's and since then a lot of further improvements were used in subsequent designs, stronger and lighter materials meant that cooling or melting was no longer an issue even on larger engines. There were a lot of other variations, with the one being the strongest contender to classic bell engine being the linear engine, which is modular, which means that without further testing and approval it can be sized up or down according to the need. It was tested by NASA a few decades back and they were pretty happy with how it worked. I am happy about how it looks also: 

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg<br><center><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg">Source</a></center>

This is more like it, right? You can spot the fuel lines on the external upper side which then use the atmospheric force to compress it onto the internal nozzle. As the pressure drops, the gasses are less compressed and the thrust grows without breaking the optimal angle of exhaust so the engine operates at optimal efficiency all the time, from sea level to the vacuum of space. This engine is thus also getting rid of those pesky stages, each with their own little or not so little bell. 

By using up to 30% less fuel at low altitutes and being more efficient than the classic bell engine at any other altitude, and being able to power what is called a single-stage-to-orbit or SSTO vehicle it could easily be the most popular solution we have or we will have in the close future. 

While in the past having an expensive engine would not be economically viable, because it would get destroyed on return, now with the advent of reusability, the costs can be kept down. 
Why don't you read another article by @pearlumie about this subject <a href="https://steemit.com/science/@pearlumie/the-baseline-engine-to-single-stage-to-orbit-designs-the-aerospike-engine-20171124t163151116z">here</a>. More than one viewpoint is always good for keeping yourself unbiased and well informed. 

https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg

<h4>So if it's that good, how come SpaceX doesn't use it?</h4>
<p>Everything a private company does is subjected to a risk analysis. Because NASA didn't manage to fully test it and Lockheed Martin pulled back its own funding from the project, there is a big resistance coming from private companies to adopt it. Risking the investors money on a project that already innovates in all areas is considered as a not needed 
limitation. The engineers at SpaceX are more than happy to work and develop a new engine and perhaps that in the future this will also be the what they will do, but for now they need to have fast and cheap results for the investors to see. </p>

<p>So in the end it comes down back to the classic way the world should work. The educational system must propose solutions that government funded research projects can utilize, develop and regulate and then the private sector can have the fine tuning operations and actually implement it. They will in return make a ROI which they will or could use to actually fund the research projects in the first place.  </p>
https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg
<h4>The future (hopefully 2018), I hope to be on location of the launch.</h4>
<p>The only viable upcoming release of an Aerospike is from ARCA Space Corporation, funded in 1999 by a fellow Romanian, a partner of ESA and developer of many other projects in collaboration with other Romanian companies from the private sector and from the government.  </p>
<p>http://www.arcaspace.com/images/Dem3_Haas_2CA_2.jpg<br><a href="http://www.arcaspace.com">Source:</a> under Fair Use</p>

<p>Their rocket uses a modular linear Aerospike engine and according to their own data, the launch of its demonstrator is planned for 2018, to practically do what Lockheed Martin and NASA didn't manage to do in their testing. It's a bold goal and I will be very interested to see them succeed, especially since the launch will be done in Romania and I will try to attend it when it will happen and bring you the footage and data if I get the necessary access.</p>

http://www.arcaspace.com/images/D3_eng_and_test_tank.jpg<br><a href="http://www.arcaspace.com">Source</a>.The composite fuel tanks to be tested in 2018, used under Fair Use. I am very curious to see them in action as it would be a huge step forward for the space industry.
https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg
<h4>Conclusions</h4>
<p>The aerospike engine is an old solution to an old problem that was never resolved due to funding and political feuds, bringing the industry to its knees when it should have soared. While the lack of efficiency is not a huge deal for now, since we don't even leave the Earth Orbit anymore like we planned to in 1960's, the development and use of a new type of engine would be a good addition to all the other advancement in the industry, and keeping pace with the reusability issues that seem to hold the private sector back. </p>
<p>The cancellation of the X-33 in 2001 and the limited funding of the University of Long Beach California University shifted the development of similar engines only by the private sector, Firefly Aerospace and ARCA Space offering the only full scale alternatives, which are either phased out or waiting in demonstrator testing and development as of 2018.  </p>
<p>We have to wait for the ARCA Space to test before we can say for sure if there is any future for this engine.  </p>

https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg
<h4>Further reading</h4>
<p>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospike_engine<br>
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_engine<br>
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton's_third_law<br>
https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.1997-3218<br>
https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.1999-2936<br>
http://www.arcaspace.com/<br>
http://www.arcaspace.com/en/haas2c.htm<br>
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocketdyne<br> - the creator of the Aerospike engine

https://steemitimages.com/DQmUPhem6oHxktMCRRLjuN3MYaM97b5sGBfjPNQdUXPM55x/1.jpg
https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/0x0/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNTzj8VK1LSMxfRRUmUWZmwi9bXqiJqfZLA2qEuNfzcyz/image.png

<center><div class=phishy>SteemSTEM is a community project with the goal to promote and support Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics on the Steem blockchain. If you wish to support the SteemSTEM project you can:</div>
Contribute STEM content using the #steemstem tag | Support SteemSTEM authors | Join our curation trail | Visit our <a href="https://discord.gg/NUyvsd">Discord</a> community | Delegate SP to SteemSTEM</center>