<div class="text-justify">Humans use plants in various ways, the most widespread is as food, another way is ornamental use.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Los humanos utilizan las plantas de diversas formas, la más extendida es como alimentos, otra forma es el uso ornamental.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Humans also experiment with plants when they suffer from some ailment or disease and over time if the use was effective it becomes a habit. This knowledge, techniques and practices based on theories, beliefs and human experiences used to maintain health are known as traditional medicine. At some later point, scientific research arises seeking to validate the effectiveness and also to document the chemical compounds responsible.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Los humanos también experimentan con plantas cuando padecen alguna dolencia o enfermedad y con el tiempo si el uso fue efectivo se convierte en una costumbre. A esos conocimientos, técnicas y prácticas fundamentados en teorías, creencias y experiencias propias de humanos que se utilizan para mantener la salud se le conoce como medicina tradicional. En algún momento posterior surge la investigación científica buscando validar la efectividad y además documentar a los compuestos químicos responsables.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">The purpose of this entry is to describe information about an ornamental plant and a chemical group present in it.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>El propósito de esta entrada es describir información sobre una planta ornamental y un grupo químico presente en ella.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><em>Murraya paniculata</em>, commonly called "orange jessamine", is a small, tropical to sub-tropical shrub that may grow to as much as 6 meters tall, but is usually found much shorter (2.5-3.8 meters). It is noted for its spreading, dense crown of glossy evergreen dark green leaves, strongly fragrant white flowers and red ornamental fruits. It belongs to the Rutaceae family and is native from China and India to Australia.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote><em>Murraya paniculata</em>, comúnmente llamado "azahar de la India", es un pequeño arbusto tropical o subtropical que puede alcanzar los 6 metros de altura, pero que suele ser mucho más bajo (2,5-3,8 metros). Destaca por su copa densa y extendida de hojas brillantes de color verde oscuro, sus flores blancas fuertemente perfumadas y sus frutos rojos ornamentales. Pertenece a la familia Rutaceae y es nativo desde China e India hasta Australia.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmQrTVrgQTBxsjvWFjiuegRqxP9MasSSuiQHGPn7rLHQL5/01.jpg</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, amino acids and essential oils have been isolated from the leaves, fruits, flowers, stems and roots of this plant.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Flavonoides, cumarinas, alcaloides, aminoácidos y aceites esenciales se han aislado de las hojas, frutos, flores, tallos y raíces de esta planta.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Flavonoids are the most common and widely distributed group of phenolic compounds in plants, and are found in virtually all parts of the plant, particularly in plant cells that photosynthesize. They are an integral part of human and other animal diets. Being plant phytochemicals, humans and other animals cannot synthesize them. Flavonoids found in animals are considered to originate from plants that animals use as food rather than being biosynthesized by them. More than 5,000 different plant-derived flavonoids have been isolated from various plants. They are classified into several chemical groups, such as flavanones, flavones, isoflavonoids, flavanols (flavanols or catechins), anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanonols and chalcones, among others.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Los flavonoides son el grupo más común y ampliamente distribuido de los compuestos fenólicos de las plantas, y se encuentran prácticamente en todas las partes de la planta, en particular en las células vegetales que realizan la fotosíntesis. Son una parte integral de las dietas humanas y de otros animales. Al ser fitoquímicos vegetales, los humanos y otros animales no pueden sintetizarlos. Se considera que los flavonoides que se encuentran en los animales se originan en las plantas que los animales utilizan como alimento en lugar de ser biosintetizados por ellos. Se han aislado más de 5.000 flavonoides diferentes derivados de plantas, de varias plantas. Se clasifican en varios grupos químicos, como flavanonas, flavonas, isoflavonoides, flavanos (flavanoles o catequinas), antocianinas, flavonoles, flavanonoles y chalconas, entre otros.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmafiHtWhaLP1QfWY1uYkChEorNncXaKEke6ioa4CsHP6A/01a.jpg</center><div class="text-justify"><sub>Credits: Figure elaborated with information from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41">Panche <em>et al</em>. (2016)</a> / Créditos: Figura elaborada con información de <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41">Panche <em>et al</em>. (2016)</a>.</sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">This plant has multiple stems from ground level, and the diameter can be between 9 and 13 cm. The bark of the stem is gray, and can be fissured and rough. Branches and twigs are slender and abundant at all heights.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Esta planta tiene múltiples tallos desde el nivel del suelo, y el diámetro puede estar entre 9 y 13 cm. La corteza del tallo es de color gris, pudiendo ser fisurada y rugosa. Las ramas y ramitas son delgadas y abundantes en todas las alturas.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmQySwexAZFCoTJDR6pkAtKtPNZApijoZpUphscd1o1toH/02.jpg</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">The variety of flavonoids found in nature possess their own physical, chemical and physiological properties. The medicinal efficacy of many flavonoids as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, anticancer and antiviral agents is well established. Several studies have indicated that polymethoxylated flavonoids are considered representative chemical constituents of the plant, and that they possess a number of biological properties, such as antiallergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative and antiinflammatory activities.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>La variedad de flavonoides que se encuentra en la naturaleza posee sus propias propiedades físicas, químicas y fisiológicas. La eficacia medicinal de muchos flavonoides como agentes antibacterianos, hepatoprotectores, antiinflamatorios, anticancerígenos y antivirales está bien establecida. Varios estudios han indicado que los flavonoides polimetoxilados se consideran constituyentes químicos representativos de la planta y que poseen una serie de propiedades biológicas, como actividades antialérgicas, antioxidantes, antibacterianas, antiproliferativas y antiinflamatorias.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmPaFzDeCqwYzTTtBbxqwWSP4umd8vL1fVZLL7rqTmdttx/02a.jpg</center><div class="text-justify"><sub>Credits: Table elaborated with information from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60009-6">Zhan <em>et al</em>. (2013)</a> / Créditos: Cuadro elaborado con información de <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60009-6">Zhan <em>et al</em>. (2013)</a>.</sub></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmdxER96p9BqJ6jiMXUuieRdaHMUV7o3dKcHTMibQUSZpx/03.jpg</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">The leaves are alternate, glabrous, dark green, and glossy, 5-11 cm long, occurring in 3-7 oddly pinnate leaflets. Leaflets are elliptic to cuneate-obovate, 1.4-4.2 cm long × 1.0-1.7 cm wide, they have entire margins, wedge-shaped bases, and acuminate apices.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Las hojas son alternas, glabras, de color verde oscuro y brillante, de 5 a 11 cm de longitud, que se presentan en 3-7 foliolos impares pinnados. Los foliolos son de elípticos a cuneados-obovados, de 1,4-4,2 cm de largo × 1,0-1,7 cm de ancho, tienen márgenes enteros, bases en forma de cuña y ápices acuminados.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmfS2hgA4xBaWyZMNnwsdS7dwDPn5FgGkapbHu1SmznKxs/04.JPG</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmRudMmQGmG62TWHA11gCUWoxv5bkKoy7mH2S6dYswU2cM/05.JPG</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmNxExs4F6MaXZVSuvCRBsLVt6k35KQ5oyRa5UXoMXzJCE/06.JPG</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmPcuFiG1V9QWWVW2hTTd3NZbrKLh6v6boVWuxd3SKB3gy/07.JPG</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Among the considerable amounts of flavonoids, the main flavonoids in the leaves are <b>5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone</b> and <b>5,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone</b>, it also contains <b>3',4',5',7-tetramethoxyflavone</b> and <b>5-hydroxy-3',4',5',6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone</b> (gardenin A), <b>5',5-dihydroxy-3',4',6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone</b> (gardenin C) and <b>3',5,5'-trihydroxy-4',6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone</b> (gardenin E); three highly oxygenated flavonoids previously isolated from <em>Gardenia lucida</em> species.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Entre las considerables cantidades de flavonoides, los principales flavonoides en las hojas son </b>5,7,3',4'-tetrametoxiflavona</b> y </b>5,7,3',4',5'-pentametoxiflavona</b>, también contiene </b>3',4',5',7-tetramethoxyflavona</b> y <b>5-hidroxi-3',4',5',6,7,8-hexametoxiflavona</b> (gardenina A), <b>5',5-dihydroxy-3',4',6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone</b> (gardenina C) y <b>3',5,5'-trihidroxi-4',6,7,8-tetrametoxiflavona</b> (gardenina E); tres flavonoides altamente oxigenados aislados previamente en la especie <em>Gardenia lucida</em>.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">On the other hand it is worth mentioning that while I was taking measurements a walking insect appeared, I photographed it and you can see in the scalimeter that it measured a little more than 7 mm. It is probably the species <em>Flatormenis proxima</em>.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Por otro lado cabe destacar que mientras realizaba mediciones apareció un insecto caminado, lo fotografié y se puede apreciar en el escalímetro que medía un poco más de 7 mm. Es probable que sea la especie <em>Flatormenis proxima</em>.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmRLVMDBxHqvn1DzkgXsnnir1Xh2MKkuT6HAYkYANrqKVL/08.JPG</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">I stayed calm to continue photographing it but suddenly it jumped quickly, I looked for it and could not find it. I did some searching in the literature and found that they have short propulsive legs relative to the body and deliver their power in a few milliseconds using a catapult-like mechanism, unlike crickets, whose propulsive hind legs can be up to 2.6 times the body length and the length of the levers enables them to generate the necessary leverage, but they take 20 to 30 milliseconds to move to full extension and accelerate the insect's takeoff.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Me quedé tranquilo para continuar fotografiándolo pero de repente saltó velozmente, lo busqué y no lo encontré. Indagué un poco en la literatura y encontré que tienen patas propulsoras cortas en relación con el cuerpo y entregan su fuerza en unos pocos milisegundos utilizando un mecanismo similar a una catapulta, a diferencia de los grillos, cuyas patas traseras propulsoras pueden ser hasta 2,6 veces la longitud del cuerpo y la longitud de las palancas les permite generar el apalancamiento necesario, pero tardan entre 20 y 30 milisegundos en moverse hasta la máxima extensión y acelerar el despegue del insecto.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmTWqPmPZSybmyum7Z2D5xp69yVDBbUJT3dgzty1qgTmbe/09.JPG</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Back to the subject, <em>Murraya paniculata</em> blooms irregularly throughout the year. Inflorescences are terminal, corymbose, few-flowered, and dense. Flowers are pentamerous and sweetly fragrant. Petals are 1.5-2.1 cm long x 0.5-0.6 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, curved backwards, and white to cream in color.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Volviendo al tema, <em>Murraya paniculata</em> florece de forma irregular a lo largo del año. Las inflorescencias son terminales, corimbosas, con pocas flores y densas. Las flores son pentámeras y dulcemente perfumadas. Los pétalos miden 1,5-2,1 cm de largo x 0,5-0,6 cm de ancho, son de estrechamente elípticos a oblanceolados, curvados hacia atrás y de color blanco a crema.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmc2XUNz6kkf57f9HtA6rW9DGgpE6ykoCb1y5sLgPMXMxt/10.jpg</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmbx82UD3iCn6qqZZTAN4TYg6Q9ezkA5vtSJawvVMyzXmC/11.jpg</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmcy1tVWFEYQbUwaVCecZddsWqNZGPuNL7bZXK4fDpWmDz/12.JPG</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmeuE4mL9K8XJnkZYW1R6hkPP6JoSkFSaDjm2YchSZf3nK/13.jpg</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmVsZbnZzXx7BWNKDuv1HHcqruQC6UWsMNMGeFdZib8ZY2/14.jpg</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Although flavonoids are one of the main coloring components of flowering plants, the flowers appear to be poor in flavonoids. In the fresh flower of <em>Murraya paniculata</em>, the flavonoid 3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone has been isolated and characterized and the flavonoid 3,3',4',5,5',6,7-heptamethoxyflavone has also been identified.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Aunque los flavonoides son uno de los principales componentes colorantes de las plantas con flores, las flores parecen ser pobres en flavonoides. En la flor fresca de <em>Murraya paniculata</em> se ha aislado y caracterizado el flavonoide 3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexametoxiflavona y también se ha identificado el flavonoide 3,3',4',5,5',6,7-heptametoxiflavona.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmVpXrwgyRCKHy4WZHs9V7cnYynzfKaWe79v8yPhQgvs5p/15.jpg</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmagreHRDCTrNnd5vDgUA76MqDugpn2pg71E4TRCnbhKgT/16.jpg</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmegArJcNuKwTyLsAxeBgC1qyzQDo1CgUx98bUPiJha2iS/17.jpg</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">The fruits are small, oval to ellipsoid, 0.9-1.3 cm long × 0.7-0.9 cm wide green at first then reddish with a mucilaginous pulp.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Los frutos son pequeños, de ovalados a elipsoides, de 0,9-1,3 cm de largo × 0,7-0,9 cm de ancho, de color verde al principio y luego rojizo, con una pulpa mucilaginosa.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmdQcPRh9JA1c4FaxrzRVKA4YceJhuJDoyRu4tGZ7is6Cu/18.jpg</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmdgxuCkPDP96yESnYeyTbLHZpjRmpjCcDX5QdrrxT6P53/19.JPG</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmRtTUMgcyVtq7EHW8bLnGpbRtfE2CipiA6N6pHp9ccq2q/20.JPG</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Plants may display flowers and fruits at the same time.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Las plantas pueden presentar flores y frutos al mismo tiempo.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmZ2Wxz4VQueYX2HXnDrdRYeb2RaxE8fWK9m2VDb6KFHsx/21.jpg</center><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmfQU8UhnBDscdoXJFbTPPG7upcUx3ZYr7WW9NqQibTbUn/22.jpg</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">In an investigation on the epicarp and pulp of fresh ripe fruits of <em>Murraya paniculata</em>, nine flavonoids were identified, I show a table.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>En una investigación sobre el epicarpio y la pulpa de los frutos frescos maduros de <em>Murraya paniculata</em> se identificaron nueve flavonoides. Muestro un cuadro.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmP8VWYxhmq9L7Qu4L6RCdTEfZWuyHeg8GFUogikJaRaaj/22a.jpg</center><div class="text-justify"><sub>Credits: Table elaborated with information from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00598-0">Ferracin <em>et al</em>. (1998)</a> / Créditos: Cuadro elaborado con información de <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00598-0">Ferracin <em>et al</em>. (1988)</a>.</sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">5,7,8,3’,4’,5’-hexamethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3’,4’,5’-hexamethoxyflavone are found in leaves, and 5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3’,4’,5’-hexamethoxyflavone has also been found in roots.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>5,7,8,3',4',5'-hexametoxiflavona y 5-hidroxi-3,7,8,3',4',5'-hexametoxiflavona se encuentran en las hojas, y 5-hidroxi-3,7,8,3',4',5'-hexametoxiflavona también se ha encontrado en las raíces.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify">Finally, flavonoids have a variety of biological activities in plants, animals and bacteria. In plants, flavonoids have long been known to be synthesized at specific sites and are responsible for the color and aroma of flowers, and in fruits for attracting pollinators and consequently for fruit dispersal to aid seed germination, and seedling growth and development. Flavonoids protect plants from different biotic and abiotic stresses and act as unique UV filters, function as signaling molecules, allopathic compounds, phytoalexins, detoxifying agents and antimicrobial defensive compounds.</div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote>Finalmente, los flavonoides desempeñan diversas actividades biológicas en plantas, animales y bacterias. En las plantas, se sabe desde hace tiempo que los flavonoides se sintetizan en lugares concretos y son responsables del color y el aroma de las flores, y en los frutos de atraer a los polinizadores y, en consecuencia, de la dispersión de los frutos para ayudar a la germinación de las semillas, y al crecimiento y desarrollo de las plántulas. Los flavonoides protegen a las plantas de diferentes estreses bióticos y abióticos y actúan como filtros UV únicos, funcionan como moléculas de señalización, compuestos alopáticos, fitoalexinas, agentes desintoxicantes y compuestos defensivos antimicrobianos.</blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmV3nwEjBDNyLDihWHc6yQKaSJdFya9gMdgs1QVNEWhgf2/23.jpg</center><p></p>
<p></p>
<center>References - Referencias</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3010007">Dosoky, N. S.; Satyal, P.; Gautam, T. P.; Setzer, W. N. 2016. Composition and biological activities of <em>Murraya paniculata</em> (L.) Jack essential oil from Nepal. Medicines. 3 (1): 7.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00598-0">Ferracin, R. J.; da Silva, M. F. das G. F.; M. F., Fernandes, J. B. & Vieira, P. C. 1998. Flavonoids from the fruits of <em>Murraya paniculata</em>. Phytochemistry. 47 (3): 393-396.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="http://www.aensiweb.net/AENSIWEB/aeb/aeb/2015/February/466-472.pdf">Kosai, P. & Jiraungkoorskul, W. 2015. Review of hypoglycemic activity of <em>Murraya paniculata</em> Linn. Advances in Environmental Biology. 9 (3): 466-472.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750">Kumar, S. & Pandey, A. K. 2013. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal. Vol. 2013: Article ID 162750. 16 p.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.199400032">Lin, J. K. & Wu, T. S. 1994. Constituents of flowers of <em>Murraya paniculata</em>. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. 41 (2): 213-216.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286748">Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA. Plant Finder. <em>Murraya paniculata</em>.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41">Panche, A. N.; Diwan, A. D. & Chandra, S. R. 2016. Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of Nutritional Science. 5: E47.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://www.pjps.pk/single-article/?id=2029">Rodanant, P.; Khetkam, P.; Suksamrarn, A. & Kuvatanasuchati. J. 2015. Coumarins and flavonoid from <em>Murraya paniculata</em> (L.) Jack: antibacterial and anti-inflammation activity. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 28 (6): 1947-1951.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.23824">Siwanowicz, I. & Burrows, M. 2017. Three dimensional reconstruction of energy stores for jumping in planthoppers and froghoppers from confocal laser scanning microscopy. eLife. 6: e23824.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200303041141756.page">Sukari, M. A.; Azziz, S. S. S. Abd.; Rahmani, M.; Ali, A. M.; Aimi, N. & Kitajima, M. 2003. Polysubstituted flavonoids from the leaves of <em>Murraya paniculata</em> (Rutaceae). Natural Product Science. 9 (2): 56-59.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816811-0.00008-1">Wiart, C. 2021. Antiparasitic Asian medicinal plants in the Clade Malvids (pp. 233-348). In: Medicinal plants in Asia and Pacific for parasitic Infections. Botany, ethnopharmacology, molecular basis, and future prospect. London - Oxford (United Kingdom) / San Diego, CA - Cambridge, MA (United States): Academic Press.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85045-3">Wu, T. S.; Chan, Y. Y.; Leu, Y. L. & Huang, S. C. 1994. A flavonoid and indole alkaloid from flowers of <em>Murraya paniculata</em>. Phytochemistry. 37 (1): 287-288.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-004-0049-7">Yao, L. H.; Jiang, Y. M.; Shi, J.; Tomás-Barberán, F. A. Datta, N.; Singanusong, R. & Chen, S. S. 2004. Flavonoids in food and their health benefits. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 59: 113-122.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60009-6">Zhan, J. Y.; Lu, J. Q.; Gao, X. Y.; Zhang, Q.; Li, N.; Tu, P. F. & Qiao, Y. J. 2013. Characterization of thirty-nine polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) in the branches of <em>Murraya paniculata</em> by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 11 (1): 63-70.</a></sub></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><sub><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.043">Zou, J.; Yu, X.; Qu, S.; Li, X.; Jin, Y. & Sui, D. 2014. Protective effect of total flavonoids extracted from the leaves of <em>Murraya paniculata</em> (L.) Jack on diabetic nephropathy in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 64: 231-237.</a></sub></div>
<p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmTQT7ih8W5aSbe3qdDnZMmVeUxR6vuc4EUNFwz23XeZ6p/S01.png</center><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><center>Images captured with Fujifilm FinePix Z90 digital camera.</center></div><p></p>
<div class="text-justify"><blockquote><center>Imágenes capturadas con cámara digital Fujifilm FinePix Z90.</center></blockquote></div><p></p>
<center>https://images.hive.blog/DQmUvqQ7PMtZ698dDJY97gdQgxYckZPNKBJNVVGjixriU4Q/S02.png</center>