今天再来聊一本新书吧,新看的《战斗细胞》,作者是油管上著名的科普动画频道的播主,那个频道的发音非常奇怪,我从来也没有记住,记得开头部分的发音是Kurzgesagt,整个词的意思就是"简而言之",虽然虽然名字叫简而言之,但是里面提到的知识还是非常有趣的。广泛,而且比普通的科普要更有深度,信息量也更大,而且它是一种非常有风格的动画形式制作的,我和小宝贝也经常一起看,她也很感兴趣。 而这本书是作者抛弃老本行,转向传统出版业的一个试水之作,这本书的内容讲的是我们的免疫系统,。为了写好这本书,这位热爱学习的up花了十年的时间自学了免疫学,按照他的理解,免疫学是一个非常复杂的学科, 里面充满了各种各样的规则,同时又有各种各样的例外,所以他花了如此长的时间。但是他还将他所学的知识,这样一种一本通俗易懂的小书表达出来,让我们和他一起来一次进入我们身体内部的奇妙旅行,听上去确实很有趣。 开头部分讲的都是一些很基础的知识,基本上上过高中生物的都会知道,但是作者的讲述很有趣,讲述了一些有趣的事实,免疫系统的诞生就是在原始地球的环境,也许是在深海,也许是在某个地方的烂泥水泡,原始的细胞相吞噬互相竞争的关系中诞生的。在这样的竞争中,有些细胞学会了寄生,不在自己取食,而是寄生在宿主身上,搭便车,分享宿主的营养,同样被寄生的细胞也不会坐视和忍受搭便车,他们进化出了免疫系统,专门用来清除这些外来者。 最早的免疫是诞生于海绵这样的原始多细胞群,在海绵的腔体内自由游走,清除入侵者和异物的细胞。免疫系统的任务就是区分自己和他人,但是这个只是手段,真正的目的是维持某种平衡,维持一种平衡。因为免疫系统的功能过于强大,也会损伤到身体本身,如果过于虚弱的话,各种敌人就会趁虚而入,这些他人包括各种入侵的有害细菌,同时也包括那些拒绝执行细胞之间神圣契约,而疯狂复制自己的癌细胞。 每时每刻都有这样的癌变的细胞被免疫系统所消灭,我们体内的免疫细胞数量巨大,就单个细胞而言,它们并没有什么智能,但是它们聚合在一起,就像蚁群一样能够发挥神奇的作用。而真正神奇的地方就是,免疫系统是我们体内的军队,但是这支军队的士兵完全都是在各行其事,没有统一的指挥,每个人都在不断地学习和适应各种敌人,找到解决方法。 生命的意义很难确定,但是有几点是科学家所公认的。比如生命体会把自己和其他的宇宙分隔开来,它会从外部摄取能量,同时也会将有害的质和其他生命体挡在外面,而这道壁垒最外层也是最坚强的地方是我们的皮肤。尽管我们的皮肤看上去很柔软,但任何细菌和病毒都无法穿。就像在战争中再坚固的防线也有它的弱点。如法国用来防御德国进攻的马其洛防线,它的弱点就在和比利时交界的阿登森。 而我们的外部被皮肤包裹,我们仍然有外来入侵者容易突破的这个地方叫做粘膜,覆盖着我们的眼睛、鼻腔,口腔,还有生殖器和消化道。(也许一般人认为消化道是我们身体的内部,其实那里也算是外部。)这些都是细菌和病体的通道,将这些地方的粘膜展开,面积相当于一个网球场。虽然很有趣,这就是这本书开头讲的基本基础,虽然很简单,但是也给人很多启示。 比如,文明的衰弱就可以类比于人的身体发生了病变,导致病变的原因就是各种各样的寄生体变得更多了。这些有外来者,如细菌病毒,也有内部变异的,如癌细胞。而文明受到的挑战也是如此。文明的衰落和灭亡不外乎是因为异族的入侵,以及自身发生的内乱,正好对应于人体的两种情况。 而在中国历史上,中央王朝对军权的争夺也反映了免疫系统的情形。在历史上那些军阀割据的时期,实际上是军队战斗力更强,外族威胁最小的时期。而一旦中央的权威竖立起来,军权被集中管理之后,军队的战斗力就急剧地下降。西晋,北宋都是如此。 而人类免疫系统,这支军队的组成,也反映了同样的现象。一个强大而健康的免疫系统,并不需要一个统帅来统一指挥和调配。大家都是在做好自己的事情。
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