![无标题.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQBDT2WTKQ44aLS58VRruM47KhQh3JNNxT541Et8HeUwv/%E6%97%A0%E6%A0%87%E9%A2%98.jpg) 接着看《贪婪的多巴胺》这本书。这本书的作者举了很多例子来说明自己的观点。而且都是生活中很常见的例子。似乎很多人类的情感和行动都可以用多巴胺分子的作用来解释。不过我还是觉得作者的分析方法缺少逻辑和实际证据,也许他是为了方便普通读者理解在这方面谈的比较少。 还是谈谈具体的内容吧,看了这几章之后大致弄清楚了作者的分析框架。实际上多巴胺分子在大脑中有两条作用通路,其中一条叫*欲望通路*,是激起人们的欲望的。另外一条这叫*控制通路*,这是激起人们理性思维的。这两条通路就像汽车上的油门和刹车,在它们的共同坐下,人类就会展现出不同的性格和行为模式。 比较有意思的是,多巴胺的欲望回路可以激起人们想要的欲望,并利用环境去实现。而且这一机制的运作是在意识之外的。人们根本就意识不到它在起作用。作者用一个非常有意思的实验说明了这种机制。他让受试者和工作人员一起坐在房间里聊天。然后他要求。工作人员摆出一些特定的姿势,这些姿势是有特定含义的,比如张开双臂,靠在沙发上,翘二郎腿等,总的来说就是扩展自己所占空间的姿势,这种肢体语言能够传达出做动作的人的支配欲。表示做动作的人想在两人的关系中起支配作用。有时也会让工作人员做出比如说夹紧双腿,缩起肩膀之类故意缩小自己所占空间的动作。这种肢体语言往往传达出愿意处于从属地位的意义。然后实验者就会观察受试人员会采取何种动作。在很多情况下,受试者采取了互补的动作。即当工作人员采取表达支配意义的动作语言时,他们会做出表达服从的肢体语言,反之亦然。然后他们采访这些受试人员,问对刚才的谈话感受怎么样?那些采取互补动作的受试者往往对刚才的谈话体验给出高度的评价。这个实验结果很有意思。随后作者给出了多巴胺通路的理论来进行解释,虽然解释的通,但是我不知道这两者之间是否有确凿的证据证明。因为多巴胺的欲望通路的作用就是激起人们想要的欲望,并利用环境去达成自己的目的,而一个表现的对成功很有自信,也就是采取支配姿势的肢体语言的人。会被其他人大脑观察到。这就相当于是搭便车的心态吧,也许配合一个对成功信心十足的人也能够搭上便车,实现自己的需求,所以人们会采取互补的动作。而对一个愿意被支配的人。那么它就相当于是环境中可以利用的一分子来实现自己的欲望,所以人们也会采取那种表达支配意味的动作,这样双方就能够形成协作。同样的情形在黑猩猩中也能够观察得到。 当然这是在两条多巴胺通路都能正常运作的情况下。因为多巴的控制通路是人类特有的,后来才进化出来的。所以在有些情况下会出问题。作者举了登月宇航员奥尔德林的例子。杂志采访他在进行登月壮举时有何感想?他说他完全没有任何兴奋和情绪体验,他只是按部就班的在操纵飞船升空、航行、下降,但是在他完成登月壮举之后,很长一段时间,他的生活变得一团糟。因为他的欲望回路在不停的刺激他获得更多像登月那样的成就体验。但是生活终究要回归正常。哪有那么多登月的人间壮举等他去完成呢。当然后来奥德林还是找到了自己的新的目标,他开始写书、出席电视访谈。同时作者还举了著名的自行车运动员阿姆斯特朗的例子。阿姆斯特朗曾经是体坛佳话,他战胜癌症后还取得环法自行车赛冠军,但是同样是在欲望多巴胺通路的支配下,他还想要更多的冠军。因此走上了服用禁药作弊的道路。作者解释说欲望多半是一条原始的通路,他只会激励人们去实现想要的东西。然而他并没有道德判断的功能,那一个功能由控制多巴胺来回路来提供,如果控制多巴胺回路不够强大的人,就很容易不择手段,违背道德采取欺骗的手段去达成自己的目的。简单说就是缺少自律以及很难集中注意力。作者认为儿童多动症也与控制回路不够强有关。
author | cheva |
---|---|
permlink | d7ddee5fbfd35 |
category | hive-105017 |
json_metadata | {"image":["https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQBDT2WTKQ44aLS58VRruM47KhQh3JNNxT541Et8HeUwv/%E6%97%A0%E6%A0%87%E9%A2%98.jpg"],"thumbnails":["https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQBDT2WTKQ44aLS58VRruM47KhQh3JNNxT541Et8HeUwv/%E6%97%A0%E6%A0%87%E9%A2%98.jpg"],"tags":["hive-105017","cn","cn-reader","palnet","neoxian","life","lifestyle","books"],"description":"","app":"ecency/3.0.23-vision","format":"markdown+html"} |
created | 2022-05-20 09:49:45 |
last_update | 2022-05-20 09:49:45 |
depth | 0 |
children | 0 |
last_payout | 2022-05-27 09:49:45 |
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 |
total_payout_value | 1.296 HBD |
curator_payout_value | 1.245 HBD |
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
promoted | 0.000 HBD |
body_length | 1,625 |
author_reputation | 260,472,297,658,759 |
root_title | 《贪婪的多巴胺》,控制回路与欲望回路,大脑中的刹车和油门 |
beneficiaries | [] |
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD |
percent_hbd | 10,000 |
post_id | 113,361,912 |
net_rshares | 4,158,105,496,728 |
author_curate_reward | "" |
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