还是接着聊《反谷》这本书吧,聊完文字是统治者对管辖范围内人口和物资的掌握工具。另一项与国家建构有关的重要手段就是对人口的控制。这一手段是否有效直接关系到国家的建构能否成功。 因为在人类文明的早期,国家刚刚形成雏形的时候,狩猎采集的生活模式仍然广泛存在。即便是种植农业也不一定非要种植谷物。因为前面已经讨论过了,种植谷物所付出的劳动和收获的食物在数量和营养丰富程度方面都算不上是最好的。它仅仅是方便国家的税吏进行征收而已。说到这,想到中国历史上五代时期的后唐明宗,有一次和大臣讨论,大臣就曾说过农民的生活是非常悲惨的,如果碰到丰收的年份,就会谷贱伤农,谷物也卖不出好价钱。如果碰到了灾荒的年份,就很有可能被直接饿死。可见种植谷物对农民来说实在好处有限,如果不是国家强制,它的种植范围必然大大减少。这样国家的建构也就自然丧失了基础。因为税收的征收成本会大大上升,从而抵消建构国家给统治者带来的好处。所以如果从这个方面来思考,所谓的杂交水稻之父袁隆平也没那么可爱了吧。他要研究高产的杂交水稻,不过是想把农民束缚在谷物种植这项更有利于国家的作物之上,剥夺农民的选择权而已。如果以后谁说中国人吃饱了饭,是因为有袁隆平,那就只能呵呵了。 同时这里还要说到国家的本质,其实马克思的观察是非常有洞见的,按他的定义,国家是阶级统治的暴力机器。但是为了符合他的历史辩证法,马克思将人类历史划分为不同的阶段,每一阶段都有不同的统治阶级,比如古代的奴隶主阶级,中世纪的封建主阶级和近现代的资产阶级,所以不同的时代对应了不同的阶级。但实际上没有这么复杂,任何时代,国家都是统治阶级压迫和压榨被统治阶级的工具。而在国家形成的早期,普通人还拥有大量的谋生手段可供选择的时候,这样的压榨会让人们难以忍受,而放弃生活在国家的统治范围之内。他们可以选择逃亡,重新过回狩猎采集的生活。或者去国家管辖不到的地方,种植自己愿意种植的农作物。 同时马克思所说的剩余价值也是存在的,只是榨取剩余价值的并不是资本家,因为资本家要付出资本,协调资源,在生产中是发挥了作用的。只有那些在生产中没有发挥任何作用的统治阶级,才是剩余价值的真正赚取者。所以国家建构的早期非常重要的一个手段,就是将人口控制在自己的统治范围之内,这一点在中国的历史上尤为明显,每个朝代在建立制度时都是想方设法重农抑商,把民众束缚在农田土地上。国家控制人口最早的手段就是修建城墙,城墙修建自然是为了抵御外族的入侵和抢劫,但另一个重要原因,也是要将国家的人口关在城墙之内,让他们不得自由迁徙,长城的功能也是如此。只有足够多的人口提供足够多的剩余产品,国家才能够支撑起来,甚至拥有足够的军事实力去扩张领土范围。 当然在任何一种国家的组织形式里,统治阶级都是占绝对的少数,如果他们将所有的臣民一致当做韭菜对待,无疑是将自己放在了所有人的对立面,这样的国家也不可能长久,很容易被暴动推翻。所以这种情形会让统治者采取人类历史上最野蛮的社会组织形式,也就是奴隶制,统治者会将大部分的和沉重艰苦的劳务施加于奴隶身上,比如修建城墙,挖掘沟渠,种植农田等等。而对在生活习惯和语言文化相近的被统治者,采取一定的社会福利和赎买政策,这种形式在古希腊和古罗马时期非常的常见,这些古典时代的所谓民主共和国实际上是奴隶主的民主,而奴隶们大多都被看作会说话的牲口,没有任何的权利。而奴隶的来源则主要是战俘,对人口资源的掠夺是古代世界战争的一个重要的诱发因素。
author | cheva |
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permlink | ffe03fbe3336c |
category | hive-105017 |
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sinzzer | 0 | 7,427,580,115 | 10% | ||
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happyphoenix | 0 | 10,638,155,420 | 10% | ||
webdeals | 0 | 6,128,267,594 | 10% | ||
psygambler | 0 | 792,129,748 | 5% | ||
randomblock1 | 0 | 739,758,477 | 10% | ||
rivalhw | 0 | 1,981,087,406,906 | 100% | ||
theb0red1 | 0 | 34,043,154,933 | 10% | ||
mikehere | 0 | 2,165,840,323 | 10% | ||
rymlen | 0 | 6,585,799,087 | 10% | ||
esteemapp | 0 | 25,413,236,379 | 10.84% | ||
bigtakosensei | 0 | 10,972,729,788 | 10% | ||
elizacheng | 0 | 8,118,577,417 | 5% | ||
hattaarshavin | 0 | 9,606,384,708 | 10% | ||
sixexgames | 0 | 580,429,386 | 5% | ||
intrepidthinker | 0 | 22,361,598,298 | 10% | ||
sharkface | 0 | 10,621,007,779 | 10% | ||
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sames | 0 | 4,753,413,890 | 10% | ||
linakay | 0 | 4,538,106,449 | 10% | ||
bitrocker2020 | 0 | 127,061,348,814 | 10% | ||
reloadbeatbox | 0 | 2,133,861,819 | 10% | ||
drwom | 0 | 2,175,271,096 | 5.42% | ||
roncoejr | 0 | 2,596,100,248 | 10% | ||
aaronli | 0 | 37,818,511,925 | 10% | ||
moemanmoesly | 0 | 0 | 10% | ||
zainalbakri | 0 | 3,408,991,348 | 10% | ||
resiliencia | 0 | 1,112,201,448 | 10% | ||
otage | 0 | 3,567,646,264 | 10% | ||
cn-reader | 0 | 16,524,656,833 | 50% | ||
kimzwarch | 0 | 14,992,061,812 | 4% | ||
chimzycash | 0 | 3,637,939,720 | 10% | ||
davidke20 | 0 | 10,260,338,068 | 9% | ||
mawit07 | 0 | 16,665,024,665 | 10% | ||
jasonmunapasee | 0 | 5,476,310,925 | 10% | ||
esteem.app | 0 | 3,011,055,288 | 10.84% | ||
jaforce | 0 | 4,226,612,671 | 10% | ||
jychbetter | 0 | 26,137,012,649 | 5% | ||
winniex | 0 | 19,792,602,733 | 5% | ||
dbooster | 0 | 30,896,881,505 | 10% | ||
myach | 0 | 2,000,775,920 | 10% | ||
tworealsolutions | 0 | 4,541,132,454 | 10% | ||
mattroconnor | 0 | 2,793,380,524 | 10% | ||
windowglass | 0 | 31,385,877,211 | 5% | ||
auleo | 0 | 2,169,399,795 | 5% | ||
cheva | 0 | 18,757,814,996 | 10% | ||
slacktmusic | 0 | 1,827,068,639 | 10% | ||
ikrahch | 0 | 29,689,757,542 | 10% | ||
badmusgreene | 0 | 550,476,318 | 10% | ||
sanach | 0 | 3,157,564,289 | 10% | ||
cherryng | 0 | 2,666,410,086 | 5% | ||
nostalgic1212 | 0 | 21,988,623,870 | 5% | ||
moeenali | 0 | 67,044,677,126 | 10% | ||
funkymunky20000 | 0 | 1,299,214,976 | 10% | ||
makingthebest09 | 0 | 615,531,638 | 10% | ||
randumb | 0 | 915,774,046 | 7.5% | ||
babarakas43 | 0 | 7,240,363,651 | 10% | ||
indiebandguru | 0 | 612,334,049 | 5% | ||
vonaurolacu | 0 | 3,236,636,894 | 5% | ||
greendeliverence | 0 | 5,035,267,764 | 10% | ||
truce | 0 | 318,786,507,806 | 10% | ||
abrockman | 0 | 14,297,756,378 | 10% | ||
hypersonic1 | 0 | 30,377,482,954 | 10% | ||
mimidee74 | 0 | 2,184,382,904 | 10% | ||
koenau | 0 | 2,056,535,545 | 5% | ||
aellly | 0 | 3,119,201,616 | 5% | ||
thomasbrown | 0 | 13,754,230,907 | 10% | ||
yameen | 0 | 4,008,310,002 | 10% | ||
headcrypto | 0 | 1,622,397,944 | 10% | ||
lordgod | 0 | 595,722,760 | 10% | ||
softmetal | 0 | 573,593,710 | 10% | ||
rightwing670 | 0 | 23,591,399,226 | 10% | ||
tanlikming | 0 | 19,057,943,219 | 100% | ||
ragnar94 | 0 | 1,939,731,420 | 10% | ||
archisteem | 0 | 1,257,919,477 | 7.5% | ||
steemxp | 0 | 578,243,444 | 10% | ||
idayrus | 0 | 3,971,990,924 | 10% | ||
byebyehamburgers | 0 | 7,692,589,764 | 10% | ||
nattybongo | 0 | 3,062,642,862 | 10% | ||
lilzmom902 | 0 | 1,822,820,635 | 10% | ||
graceli | 0 | 2,169,479,922 | 5% | ||
ireenchew | 0 | 5,970,749,846 | 10% | ||
jluvs2fly | 0 | 0 | 10% | ||
julian2013 | 0 | 3,847,161,530 | 5% | ||
justinchicken | 0 | 3,563,513,217 | 10% | ||
maeusenews | 0 | 2,128,055,743 | 10% | ||
marfonso | 0 | 487,450,860 | 10% | ||
cherryzz | 0 | 3,681,401,826 | 5% | ||
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minhaz007 | 0 | 840,754,377 | 10% | ||
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solaiman | 0 | 3,737,592,707 | 10% | ||
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bittrio | 0 | 3,624,562,140 | 10% | ||
steemturbo | 0 | 1,077,752,595 | 10% | ||
steemegg | 0 | 1,868,244,495 | 5% | ||
cryptovues | 0 | 5,536,030,948 | 10% | ||
ragnarhewins90 | 0 | 487,955,496 | 10% | ||
cnstm | 0 | 7,566,293,084 | 6% | ||
e-r-k-a-n | 0 | 818,124,016 | 10% | ||
apokruphos | 0 | 9,134,013,950 | 3% | ||
brada2550 | 0 | 555,585,153 | 10% | ||
paleotwist | 0 | 2,685,575,538 | 10% | ||
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hans001 | 0 | 970,514,182 | 10% | ||
foreversteem | 0 | 818,491,616 | 10% | ||
ano123 | 0 | 73,531,781,768 | 10% | ||
q-news | 0 | 752,759,343 | 10% | ||
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backscratcher | 0 | 4,612,939,908 | 10% | ||
rocketpower | 0 | 2,682,110,355 | 100% | ||
photographercr | 0 | 4,960,111,455 | 2.16% | ||
curtley | 0 | 508,086,831 | 100% | ||
moro1992 | 0 | 758,725,659 | 10% | ||
xyzxyz | 0 | 4,737,204,928 | 10% | ||
evanstinger | 0 | 4,341,968,970 | 10% | ||
ying82 | 0 | 3,964,038,548 | 5% | ||
swayzilla | 0 | 3,605,162,315 | 100% | ||
aekraj | 0 | 10,349,204,992 | 10% | ||
h-hamilton | 0 | 3,550,581,157 | 10% | ||
everythingsmgirl | 0 | 7,504,967,605 | 50% | ||
supremebape | 0 | 19,986,465,703 | 10% | ||
kryptoking1 | 0 | 5,642,819,296 | 10% | ||
atyh | 0 | 14,053,861,148 | 5% | ||
naej | 0 | 1,930,540,156 | 10% | ||
bo022 | 0 | 2,878,765,766 | 10% | ||
photosnap | 0 | 515,400,335 | 10% | ||
lovequeen | 0 | 13,685,349,633 | 5% | ||
ecency | 0 | 3,518,544,009,813 | 10.84% | ||
logicforce | 0 | 496,817,995 | 10% | ||
ecency.stats | 0 | 3,696,662,961 | 10.84% | ||
zartisht | 0 | 40,336,901,319 | 10% | ||
evahe | 0 | 12,132,573,942 | 5% | ||
hivevote | 0 | 1,728,477,369 | 5% | ||
jingjing1616 | 0 | 86,062,849,381 | 100% | ||
philipmak | 0 | 1,513,853,885 | 50% | ||
emma-emma | 0 | 2,167,372,838 | 5% | ||
zanoz | 0 | 9,657,635,123 | 10% | ||
ricestrela | 0 | 1,245,270,125 | 4% | ||
m0rt0nmattd | 0 | 2,646,623,047 | 100% | ||
xylliana | 0 | 95,541,683,458 | 100% | ||
princessbusayo | 0 | 980,941,559 | 2.71% | ||
ericaliu | 0 | 1,938,856,921 | 5% | ||
duwiky | 0 | 2,938,324,968 | 10% | ||
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mao317 | 0 | 17,806,148,517 | 100% | ||
everlandd | 0 | 1,178,916,105 | 5% | ||
celeste413 | 0 | 2,836,809,165 | 3.75% | ||
zhangyan-123 | 0 | 5,598,924,054 | 5% | ||
alpha-omega | 0 | 1,338,753,641 | 5% | ||
cugel | 0 | 2,868,166,017 | 5% | ||
fairyberry | 0 | 796,356,751 | 5.42% | ||
mistural | 0 | 1,343,310,537 | 10% | ||
mnurhiver | 0 | 7,211,147,866 | 10% | ||
waivio.curator | 0 | 2,938,714,440 | 5.38% | ||
sagarkothari88 | 0 | 74,686,364,557 | 5% | ||
killerwot | 0 | 3,959,506,003 | 5% | ||
joelibra | 0 | 4,037,768,159 | 10% | ||
xecency | 0 | -122,660,591 | -10.84% | ||
kathyto | 0 | 778,007,748 | 5% | ||
genepoolrentsclr | 0 | 2,596,177,493 | 5% | ||
huolian | 0 | 3,742,752,698 | 10% | ||
thehivemobileapp | 0 | 19,279,965,689 | 5% |