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Physics - Electromagnetism - Eddy Currents and Applications by drifter1

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Physics - Electromagnetism - Eddy Currents and Applications
<html>
<p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eddy_currents_due_to_magnet.svg/495px-Eddy_currents_due_to_magnet.svg.png" width="495" height="276"/></p>
<p>Image source:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lenz%27s_Law02.jpg">&nbsp;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current</a></p>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hello it's a me again Drifter Programming! Today we continue with <strong>Electromagnetism</strong> to get into <strong>Eddy currents</strong> and their <strong>Applications</strong>, which is an interesting topic :) So, without further do, let's get started!</p>
<h2>Eddy currents</h2>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;During Electromagnetic Induction, currents that flow in closed loops and are circulating like swirling eddies in a stream are being induced by changing magnetic fields. These currents are therefore called <strong>Eddy currents</strong>. We can create them when moving a conductor through a magnetic field or when a magnetic field surrounding a stationary conductor is varying. Anything that causes a magnetic flux change can produce eddy currents. The magnitude/size of the induced eddy current is proportional to the size/strength of the magnetic field, the area of the loop, the rate of change of magnetic flux, and inverse proportional to the resistivity of the conductor. Like any other current, eddy currents also produce their own magnetic field. Because of Lenz's law the direction of the induced current's magnetic field will oppose the change of the magnetic field which created it.</p>
<p>So, to sum it up:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Any electrically conductive object will conduct an induced current if it is placed in a changing magnetic field (Electromagnetic Induction)</li>
  <li>Eddy currents are circular induced currents AND</li>
  <li>Eddy currents generate their own magnetic fields</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;From all this we can clearly see that Eddy current is a form/type of induced current with a special and useful behavior which has a lot of applications that we will get into now!</p>
<h2>Applications</h2>
<h3>Electromagnetic braking</h3>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ordinary (friction) brakes convert kinetic energy into heat energy. Another type of brake, that is used to stop rollercoasters cars and trains, is the so called <strong>Eddy current brake</strong>. Let's consider a railroad train that's a huge solid block of copper mounted on wheels. Let's say that it's moving along at a high speed and that we want to stop it. Let's say that a giant magnet is next to the track and that the train has to pass nearby. As the copper approached the magnet, eddy currents are being induced inside the copper, which produce their own magnetic field. Eddy currents in different parts of the copper would try to work in different ways.</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As the front part of the train approached the magnet, eddy currents try to generate a repulsive magnetic field, which slows down the copper's approach to the magnet. As the front part passed by, being slowed down already, the eddy currents would start generating an attractive magnetic field that tries to pull the train back again, slowing it down again. The kinetic energy lost by the train as it slows down again (like in friction brakes) turns into heat energy, heating up the copper as the eddy currents swirl inside it. Rollercoaster cars use magnetic brakes that work on this exact <strong>principle</strong>!</p>
<p>There are mainly two <strong>types </strong>of eddy current brakes:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Linear brakes -&gt; used in train tracks and rollercoasters, where the track works as a part of the brake</li>
  <li>Circular brakes -&gt; based on a static electromagnet that applies magnetism and creates eddy currents in a rotating metal disc</li>
</ul>
<p>Eddy current brakes have some big <strong>advantages</strong>:</p>
<ul>
  <li>quiet</li>
  <li>frictionless</li>
  <li>wear-free</li>
  <li>little or no maintenance</li>
  <li>no smell or pollution</li>
  <li>regenerative braking technology (store energy for reuse)</li>
</ul>
<p>The <strong>drawbacks </strong>are:</p>
<ul>
  <li>the little experience we have using them</li>
  <li>problems by interfering with train signaling equipment</li>
  <li>the heating and expansion of rails could prove to be an issue when many trains brake in quick succession</li>
</ul>
<h3>Testing of materials</h3>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The<strong> detection and measurement of the magnetic fields that are produced by eddy currents</strong> make it possible for us to learn things about conductive materials whitout even contacting them. For example, the electrical conductivity of a material can be determined by the strength of the eddy currents that form.</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The so called <strong>ECT </strong>(Eddy Current Testing) is an electromagnetic testing technique which is usually used to inspect ferromagnetic materials. For example, a copper wire can be connected with an alternating electrical current. The produced magnetic field oscillates at the same frequency as the current running through the coil. When the coil approaches a conductive material, currents opposed to the ones in the coil are induced in the material, forming eddy currents.</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cracks and other breaks in the surface of a material will prevent eddy currents from forming in that region of the surface and so eddy currents can also be used to detect cracks in materials! This type of testing of materials is referred to as nondestructive testing or <strong>NDT </strong>in short. NDT technicians and engineers can use eddy currents to find cracks and many other flaws in airplanes and other systems, where bad things happen if a part brakes.</p>
<h3>Other</h3>
<p>Some other applications of eddy currents include:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Repulsive effects and levitation</li>
  <li>Attractive effects</li>
  <li>Vibration and position sensing</li>
  <li>Zip Line Brakes</li>
  <li>Free Fall Devices</li>
  <li>Eddy current adjustable-speed drives</li>
  <li>Electromechanical Induction Meters</li>
  <li>Induction heating</li>
  <li>Displacement/Proximity sensors</li>
  <li>Vending machines</li>
  <li>Sheet Resistance Measurement&nbsp;</li>
  <li>Mechanical speedometers&nbsp;</li>
  <li>and more...</li>
</ul>
<h3>REFERENCES:</h3>
<ol>
  <li><a href="https://www.magcraft.com/blog/what-are-eddy-currents">https://www.magcraft.com/blog/what-are-eddy-currents</a></li>
  <li><a href="https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/eddycurrents.htm">https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/eddycurrents.htm</a></li>
  <li><a href="https://www.explainthatstuff.com/eddy-current-brakes.html">https://www.explainthatstuff.com/eddy-current-brakes.html</a></li>
  <li><a href="https://www.eddyfi.com/technologies/eddy-current-testing-ect/">https://www.eddyfi.com/technologies/eddy-current-testing-ect/</a></li>
  <li><a href="https://www.princeton.edu/ssp/joseph-henry-project/eddy-currents/eddy_wiki.pdf">https://www.princeton.edu/ssp/joseph-henry-project/eddy-currents/eddy_wiki.pdf</a></li>
</ol>
<h2>Previous posts about Electromagnetism</h2>
<h3>Electric fields:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-getting-into-electromagnetism">Getting into Electromagnetism</a> -&gt; electromagnetim, electric charge, conductors, insulators, quantization</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-coulomb-s-law-with-examples">Coulomb's law with examples</a> -&gt; Coulomb's law, superposition principle, Coulomb constant, how to solve problems, examples</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-fields-and-field-lines">Electric fields and field lines</a> -&gt; Electric fields, Solving problems around Electric fields and field lines</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-dipoles">Electric dipoles </a>-&gt; Electric dipole, torque, potential and field</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-charge-and-field-exercises">Electric charge and field Exercises </a>-&gt; examples in electric charges and fields</p>
<h3>Electric flux:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-flux-and-gauss-s-law">Electric flux and Gauss's law</a> -&gt; Electric flux, Gauss's law</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-applications-of-gauss-s-law-part-1">Applications of Gauss's law (part 1) </a>-&gt; applying Gauss's law, Gauss applications</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-applications-of-gauss-s-law-part-2">Applications of Gauss's law (part 2)</a> -&gt; more Gauss applications</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-flux-exercises">Electric flux exercises</a> -&gt; examples in electric flux and Gauss's law</p>
<h3>Electric potential:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-potential-energy">Electric potential energy</a> -&gt; explanation of work-energy, electric potential energy</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-calculating-electric-potentials">Calculating electric potentials</a> -&gt; more stuff about potential energy, potential, calculating potentials</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-equipotential-surfaces-and-potential-gradient">Equipotential surfaces and potential gradient</a> -&gt; Equipotential surface, potential gradient</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-millikan-s-oil-drop-experiment">Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment</a> -&gt; Millikan's experiment, electronvolt</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-cathode-ray-tubes-explained-using-electric-potential">Cathode ray tubes explained using electric potential</a> -&gt; cathode ray tube explanation</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-potential-exercises-part-1">Electric potential exercises (part 1)</a> -&gt; applications of potential</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-potential-exercises-part-2">Electric potential exercises (part 2) </a>-&gt; applications of potential gradient, advanced examples</p>
<h3>Capacitance:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-capacitors-condensers-and-capacitance">Capacitors (Condensers) and Capacitance</a> -&gt; Capacitors, capacitance, calculating capacitance</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-how-to-solve-problems-around-capacitors">How to solve problems around Capacitors</a> -&gt; combination, solving problems, simple example</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-field-energy-and-density">Electric field energy and density </a>-&gt; Electric field energy, energy density</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-dielectric-materials">Dielectric materials</a> -&gt; Dielectrics, dielectric constant, permittivity and strength, how to solve problems</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-capacitance-exercises">Electric capacitance exercises</a> -&gt; examples in capacitance, energy density and dielectrics</p>
<h3>Current, resistance and EMF:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-current">Electric current</a> -&gt; Electric current, current density</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity">Electrical resistivity and conductivity </a>-&gt; Electrical resistivity, conductivity, thermal coefficient of resistivity, hyperconductivity</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-resistance">Electric resistance</a> -&gt; Resistance, temperature, resistors</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electromotive-force-emf-and-internal-resistance">Electromotive Force (EMF) and Internal resistance</a> -&gt; Electromotive force, internal resistance</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-power-and-wattage-of-electronic-circuits">Power and Wattage of Electronic Circuits</a> -&gt; Power in general, power/wattage of electronic circuits</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-current-resistance-and-emf-exercises">Electric current, resistance and emf exercises </a>-&gt; exampes in all those topics</p>
<h3>Direct current (DC) circuits:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-resistor-combinations">Resistor Combinations</a> -&gt; Resistor combinations, how to solve problems</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-kirchhoff-s-laws-with-applications">Kirchhoff's laws with applications</a> -&gt; Kirchhoff's laws, how to solve problems, applications</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electrical-measuring-instruments">Electrical measuring instruments</a> -&gt; what are they?, types list, getting into some of them, an application</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electronic-circuits-with-resistors-and-capacitors-r-c">Electronic circuits with resistors and capacitors (R-C) </a>-&gt; R-C Circuit, charging, time constant, discharging, how to apply</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-rc-circuit-exercises">RC circuit exercises</a> -&gt; examples in Kirchhoff, charging, discharging capacitor with/without internal resistance</p>
<h3>Magnetic field and forces:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-fields">Magnetic fields</a> -&gt; Magnetism, Magnetic field</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-field-lines-and-gauss-s-law-of-magnetism">Magnetic field lines and Gauss's law of Magnetism </a>-&gt; magnetic field lines, mono- and dipoles, Flux, Gauss's law of magnetism</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-the-motion-of-charged-particles-inside-of-a-magnetic-field">The motion of charged particles inside of a magnetic field</a> -&gt; straight-line, spiral and helical particle motion</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-applications-of-charged-particle-motion">Applications of charged particle motion</a> -&gt; CERN, Cyclotrons, Synchrotrons, Cavity Magetron, Mass Spectrometry and Magnetic lens</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-force-applied-on-current-carrying-conductors">Magnetic force applied on Current-Carrying Conductors</a> -&gt; magnetic force on current-carrying conductors/wires, proofs</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-force-and-torque-applied-on-current-loops-circuits">Magnetic force and torque applied on current loops (circuits)</a> -&gt; magnetic force on current loops, magnetic moment and torque</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-explaining-the-physics-behind-electromotors">Explaining the Physics behind Electromotors</a> -&gt; tesla, history and explaining the physics behind them</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-field-exercises">Magnetic field exercises</a> -&gt; examples in magnetic force, magnetic flux, particle motion and forces/torque on current-carrying conductors</p>
<h3>Magnetic field sources:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-field-of-a-moving-charged-particle">Magnetic field of a moving charged particle</a> -&gt; moving charge, magnetic field, force between parallel charged particles</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-field-of-current-carrying-conductors">Magnetic field of current-carrying conductors</a> -&gt; magnetic field of current, Biot-Savart law</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-force-between-parallel-conductors-and-the-magnetic-field-of-a-current-loop">Force between parallel conductors and the magnetic field of a current loop</a>-&gt; force between parallel conductors, magnetic field of current loop</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-ampere-s-law-and-applications">Ampere's law and Applications</a> -&gt; Ampere's law, applications</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-magnetic-materials">Magnetic materials </a>-&gt; Magnetic materials, classification and types, material examples</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-displacement-current">Displacement current </a>-&gt; Displacement current, Extension of Ampere's law</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-exercises-in-magnetic-field-sources">Exercises in Magnetic field sources </a>-&gt; examples all around magnetic field sources</p>
<h3>Electromagnetic Induction:</h3>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electromagnetic-induction-and-faraday-s-law">Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's law</a> -&gt; Electromagnetic Induction, Experiments, Faraday's law&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-motional-electromotive-force-emf">Motional Electromotive Force (Emf) </a>-&gt; Motional Emf, Faraday's law and motional emf, generalization</p>
<p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-lenz-s-law-and-induced-electric-fields">Lenz's law and Induced Electric fields</a> -&gt; Lenz's law, Induced Electric Fields</p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And this is actually it for today's post! Next time in Physics we will get into Maxwell equations as a whole...</p>
<p>C ya!</p>
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properties (23)
authordrifter1
permlinkphysics-electromagnetism-eddy-currents-and-applications
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vote details (236)
@benainouna ·
$0.04
very interesting topic
> As the front part of the train approached the magnet, eddy currents try to generate a repulsive magnetic field, which slows down the copper's approach to the magnet. As the front part passed by, being slowed down already, the eddy currents would start generating an attractive magnetic field that tries to pull the train back again, slowing it down again.

This  is what causes the inability of cars to move from the railway as the train approaches???
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@drifter1 ·
Haha I don't think so...
Cars usually have rubber tires which of course don't conduct electricity and so aren't affected by the rails. The inability can be explained by the non-uniform surface that the car has to drive on. The bumpy track of course makes it much more difficult for cars to move on then on a "normal" road.
But, I don't put my hand in the fire :P There still might be some effect on cars, but this effect cannot be that strong that it doesn't let cars to move on...
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