[lesson 10](https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/tree/master/10-32bit-enter) --------------- 这一课,就不简单的翻译课文,因为作者只写了一点点,不过一切都在代码里。 让我们把代码拆开,看看16位实模式是如何跳转到32位保护模式的。 分析代码前,先想想,为什么会有16位实模式呢? 很久以前,大概1985年左右,那时的intel的CPU只有16位,16位就是代表CPU有16根电线接收数据(其实是16根电线发送数据,另外还有32根电线分两组,每组16根各自接受一组数据),DOS就是那个时代的操作系统,很多年过去了,intel的cpu进化成为32位,但intel为了保证硬件的向前兼容,统一计算机启动的第一步是进入16位模式,然后由引导区决定下一步的动作,这样如果是必须16位模式的DOS系统,一样可以在32位机器上工作。如果你玩树莓派,就会发现完全没有16位实模式这个说法,不过树莓派的启动也是很奇怪的,它先启动GPU,让GPU先读两个配置文件,然后才让ARMcpu工作,这是后话,以后讲到树莓派的时候再说。 32位保护模式与16位实模式是有本质区别的,cpu一次可以寻址32位的地址,也就是最大能够寻址到4G,怎么算的? ``` 2^16 = 65536 约等于65K 2^20 = 1048575 约等于1M 2^32 = 4294967295 约等于4G ``` 现在咱们都用64位的操作系统,还记得当年换64位操作系统的原因吗?大概2010年后,电脑内存越来越大,很快超过了8G,可尴尬的是32位操作系统无法寻址超过4G的内存地址,因为就算给CPU的32根电线 都传递高电平,也只有0XFFFF FFFF 这么几个F,内存是有8G,多出4G的空间,CPU的指头都不够数。64位操作系统是可以调动CPU所有64根电线的,如果让64根电线都是高电平,那么可以寻址到160亿G的内存地址。 16位与32位的区别就在于寻址的方式,也就是CPU如何把自己要什么地址告诉内存,16位是用``` 段地址 X 16+偏移地址 ```的方式寻址,能够寻址20位。到了32位CPU,使用更加安全虚拟内存的技术,上一节课已经说过。同一个32位CPU在执行16位模式时,通过调整一个开关,就能进入32位寻址能力的模式,这个开关就是代码中的cr0,当cr0的最低位的bit被置为1时,CPU进入32位保护模式。 [原代码](https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter/32bit-main.asm)[^1] ```nasm switch_to_pm: cli ; 1. 关闭中断 lgdt [gdt_descriptor] ; 2. 加载 GDT descriptor mov eax, cr0 or eax, 0x1 ; 3. 将cr0设置为32位模式 mov cr0, eax jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm ; 4. far jump ``` `lgdt` 加载 `gdt_descriptor` 的作用就是把`GDT`载入到GDTR寄存器中,其实就是载入了一个地址。 16位时`CS`寄存器里存的的段地址,进入`32位保护模式`后,`CS`中存的是`GDT`这个结构中的偏移量,比如本例中的GDT[代码][^2]为: ```nasm gdt_start: ; don't remove the labels, they're needed to compute sizes and jumps ; the GDT starts with a null 8-byte dd 0x0 ; 4 byte dd 0x0 ; 4 byte ; GDT for code segment. base = 0x00000000, length = 0xfffff ; for flags, refer to os-dev.pdf document, page 36 gdt_code: dw 0xffff ; segment length, bits 0-15 dw 0x0 ; segment base, bits 0-15 db 0x0 ; segment base, bits 16-23 db 10011010b ; flags (8 bits) db 11001111b ; flags (4 bits) + segment length, bits 16-19 db 0x0 ; segment base, bits 24-31 ; GDT for data segment. base and length identical to code segment ; some flags changed, again, refer to os-dev.pdf gdt_data: dw 0xffff dw 0x0 db 0x0 db 10010010b db 11001111b db 0x0 gdt_end: ; GDT descriptor gdt_descriptor: dw gdt_end - gdt_start - 1 ; size (16 bit), always one less of its true size dd gdt_start ; address (32 bit) ; define some constants for later use CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start ``` 可以看到 `CODE_SEG` 的值是` 0x08 (gdt-code -gdt_start)`,所以此时的`CS`寄存器中就存着`0x08`, 在保护模式下,`CS:IP`取指令地址的流程就成为了, CPU计算GDTR+CS 得到code段的真实base地址,然后以`IP`作为offset,得到最终指令的地址。当然在载入指令前会判断`code`段的`limit`是否小于`IP`,如果小于,则报告`段错误`,写C语言的人谁没碰到过`段错误`?当然C语言中的段错误,应该都是超出了LDTR的limit,LDTR中的L是local,GDTR中的G是global。 一旦进入到32位保护模式,立马天高地阔,不过首先要初始化所有的寄存器,因为寄存器在实模式时,只用了16位,现在可以让寄存器所有32位的能力都能发挥出来。由far jump 到BEGIN_PM lable执行32位下初始化寄存器的指令。下面就该进入kernel了! [THE ORIGIN ARTICALE IN GITHUB:](https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/tree/master/10-32bit-enter)[^3] ----------------------------- >Concepts you may want to Google beforehand: interrupts, pipelining > >Goal: Enter 32-bit protected mode and test our code from previous lessons > >To jump into 32-bit mode: > >Disable interrupts >Load our GDT >Set a bit on the CPU control register cr0 >Flush the CPU pipeline by issuing a carefully crafted far jump >Update all the segment registers >Update the stack >Call to a well-known label which contains the first useful code in 32 bits >We will encapsulate this process on the file 32bit-switch.asm. Open it and take a look at the code. > >After entering 32-bit mode, we will call BEGIN_PM which is the entry point for our actual useful code (e.g. >kernel code, etc). You can read the code at 32bit-main.asm. Compile and run this last file and you will see >the two messages on the screen. >Congratulations! Our next step will be to write a simple kernel [^1]:https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter/32bit-switch.asm Copyright:[BSD 3-Clause License Copyright (c) 2018, Carlos Fenollosa](https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/LICENSE) [^2]:https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/tree/master/09-32bit-gdt/32bit-gdt.asm Copyright:[BSD 3-Clause License Copyright (c) 2018, Carlos Fenollosa](https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/LICENSE) [^3]:https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter Copyright:[BSD 3-Clause License Copyright (c) 2018, Carlos Fenollosa](https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/LICENSE) 版权注明:见备注
author | geyu | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
permlink | 09-create-an-os-from-scratch-09 | ||||||
category | esteem | ||||||
json_metadata | {"links":["https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/tree/master/10-32bit-enter","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter/32bit-main.asm","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/tree/master/10-32bit-enter","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter/32bit-switch.asm","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/LICENSE","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/tree/master/09-32bit-gdt/32bit-gdt.asm","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/LICENSE","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/10-32bit-enter","https://github.com/cfenollosa/os-tutorial/blob/master/LICENSE"],"tags":["esteem","esteem-cn","steemstem","cn-stem","cn"],"app":"esteem/2.0.7-surfer","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem.app"} | ||||||
created | 2019-04-14 08:33:45 | ||||||
last_update | 2019-04-15 02:11:15 | ||||||
depth | 0 | ||||||
children | 6 | ||||||
last_payout | 2019-04-21 08:33:45 | ||||||
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 | ||||||
total_payout_value | 1.874 HBD | ||||||
curator_payout_value | 0.657 HBD | ||||||
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
promoted | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
body_length | 4,675 | ||||||
author_reputation | 1,811,446,112,774 | ||||||
root_title | "从头写一个操作系统 09 (create an OS from scratch 09)" | ||||||
beneficiaries |
| ||||||
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD | ||||||
percent_hbd | 10,000 | ||||||
post_id | 83,066,536 | ||||||
net_rshares | 4,391,521,842,971 | ||||||
author_curate_reward | "" |
voter | weight | wgt% | rshares | pct | time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
wackou | 0 | 70,284,418,184 | 1.29% | ||
tombstone | 0 | 24,253,645,104 | 0.1% | ||
delegate.lafona | 0 | 438,728,385,534 | 20% | ||
lola-carola | 0 | 331,910,325 | 2.16% | ||
kevinwong | 0 | 39,782,737,974 | 0.5% | ||
eric-boucher | 0 | 7,751,086,806 | 2.16% | ||
anwenbaumeister | 0 | 186,596,213 | 4.32% | ||
mammasitta | 0 | 1,278,998,844 | 0.21% | ||
jesse5th | 0 | 65,114,097 | 50% | ||
stomatolog2 | 0 | 40,832,157 | 100% | ||
arconite | 0 | 127,672,131 | 0.25% | ||
psygambler | 0 | 249,204,475 | 2.16% | ||
lemouth | 0 | 53,105,469,659 | 10% | ||
rwilday | 0 | 53,607,801 | 100% | ||
lamouthe | 0 | 11,776,753,762 | 20% | ||
uceph | 0 | 353,377,730 | 100% | ||
whoib | 0 | 518,975,493 | 70% | ||
curie | 0 | 1,353,497,460,008 | 4.32% | ||
hendrikdegrote | 0 | 56,382,319,425 | 4.32% | ||
vact | 0 | 82,021,333,650 | 4.32% | ||
steemstem | 0 | 808,444,491,351 | 20% | ||
dashfit | 0 | 452,108,280 | 2.16% | ||
gangstayid | 0 | 97,853,267 | 2.16% | ||
vodonik | 0 | 83,909,293 | 6.6% | ||
dna-replication | 0 | 5,671,438,412 | 20% | ||
gmedley | 0 | 313,837,860 | 2.16% | ||
diebaasman | 0 | 2,286,200,742 | 12% | ||
moksamol | 0 | 547,879,211 | 2.16% | ||
getrichordie | 0 | 144,022,646 | 2.16% | ||
thatsweeneyguy | 0 | 107,276,493 | 2.16% | ||
szokerobert | 0 | 115,279,365 | 0.86% | ||
bloom | 0 | 73,522,167,501 | 20% | ||
iansart | 0 | 1,274,453,544 | 2.16% | ||
jiujitsu | 0 | 1,570,836,500 | 2.16% | ||
lekang | 0 | 588,604,054 | 2.16% | ||
samminator | 0 | 8,635,726,929 | 10% | ||
locikll | 0 | 3,574,533,069 | 8.64% | ||
kjaeger | 0 | 57,815,303 | 50% | ||
mahdiyari | 0 | 17,127,381,980 | 10% | ||
lorenzor | 0 | 5,898,638,664 | 50% | ||
aboutyourbiz | 0 | 801,194,985 | 4.32% | ||
giuato | 0 | 100,145,679 | 2.16% | ||
alexander.alexis | 0 | 11,315,849,598 | 20% | ||
jonmagnusson | 0 | 144,304,681 | 1.08% | ||
jayna | 0 | 470,144,854 | 0.64% | ||
suesa | 0 | 136,019,125,515 | 25% | ||
cryptokrieg | 0 | 755,329,355 | 4.32% | ||
rival | 0 | 2,235,073,957 | 2% | ||
geyu | 0 | 1,114,687,031 | 100% | ||
slickhustler007 | 0 | 168,761,697 | 2.16% | ||
corsica | 0 | 9,046,175,227 | 20% | ||
makrotheblack | 0 | 114,683,576 | 2.16% | ||
merrylsummer | 0 | 492,131,980 | 100% | ||
flatman | 0 | 1,631,319,666 | 4.32% | ||
fancybrothers | 0 | 403,842,608 | 6% | ||
allcapsonezero | 0 | 2,023,718,244 | 2.16% | ||
howo | 0 | 63,153,343,560 | 10% | ||
tsoldovieri | 0 | 1,452,851,283 | 10% | ||
nitego | 0 | 89,212,403 | 1.29% | ||
hotsteam | 0 | 3,288,408,562 | 10% | ||
neumannsalva | 0 | 623,158,583 | 2.16% | ||
wargof | 0 | 201,710,861 | 10% | ||
abigail-dantes | 0 | 351,507,231,456 | 20% | ||
phogyan | 0 | 88,756,563 | 2.16% | ||
esteemguy | 0 | 171,827,132 | 20% | ||
zonguin | 0 | 1,279,886,448 | 5% | ||
tfame3865 | 0 | 135,258,044 | 0.86% | ||
alexzicky | 0 | 5,623,395,777 | 5% | ||
mountain.phil28 | 0 | 3,600,056,532 | 25% | ||
jasonbu | 0 | 11,338,299,258 | 25% | ||
coolbuddy | 0 | 0 | 1% | ||
tuoficinavirtual | 0 | 99,816,193 | 25% | ||
tanyaschutte | 0 | 74,756,397 | 2% | ||
iamphysical | 0 | 16,150,944,230 | 90% | ||
zest | 0 | 3,596,683,918 | 10% | ||
felixrodriguez | 0 | 860,609,872 | 10% | ||
revo | 0 | 1,469,614,064 | 2.16% | ||
azulear | 0 | 457,731,325 | 100% | ||
felicenavidad | 0 | 166,099,465 | 50% | ||
psicoluigi | 0 | 340,138,843 | 50% | ||
mr-aaron | 0 | 79,527,588 | 10% | ||
massivevibration | 0 | 2,995,935,908 | 5% | ||
eurodale | 0 | 188,763,938 | 2.16% | ||
reaverza | 0 | 1,189,804,830 | 15% | ||
clweeks | 0 | 199,798,272 | 2.59% | ||
june0620 | 0 | 24,692,812,442 | 5% | ||
dokter-purnama | 0 | 271,570,019 | 2.16% | ||
infamousit | 0 | 4,137,745,282 | 25% | ||
erikkun28 | 0 | 0 | 1% | ||
cryptononymous | 0 | 1,190,395,258 | 2.16% | ||
jlsplatts | 0 | 182,770,959 | 0.64% | ||
poodai | 0 | 164,126,686 | 2.16% | ||
markmorbidity | 0 | 100,288,862 | 2.16% | ||
peaceandwar | 0 | 641,832,544 | 2.16% | ||
enzor | 0 | 280,326,724 | 10% | ||
joendegz | 0 | 201,547,336 | 2.16% | ||
florian-glechner | 0 | 105,976,904 | 0.43% | ||
jesusj1 | 0 | 74,031,779 | 100% | ||
carloserp-2000 | 0 | 34,271,665,229 | 100% | ||
carlos84 | 0 | 4,475,940,025 | 100% | ||
gra | 0 | 7,744,043,805 | 20% | ||
shayekh2 | 0 | 74,572,975 | 50% | ||
wolfnworbeikood | 0 | 5,436,984,551 | 13% | ||
pinksteam | 0 | 1,081,698,102 | 10% | ||
aalok | 0 | 106,671,049 | 26% | ||
nicole-st | 0 | 189,485,199 | 2.16% | ||
teukurival | 0 | 212,720,152 | 2.16% | ||
drmake | 0 | 2,319,459,876 | 2.16% | ||
guga34 | 0 | 476,645,759 | 15% | ||
pechichemena | 0 | 97,029,446 | 0.86% | ||
amestyj | 0 | 4,125,736,026 | 100% | ||
sandracarrascal | 0 | 223,471,424 | 100% | ||
bitinvdig0 | 0 | 256,733,719 | 24% | ||
skycae | 0 | 529,593,180 | 4.32% | ||
xanderslee | 0 | 205,375,492 | 4.32% | ||
egotheist | 0 | 195,009,277 | 2% | ||
kenadis | 0 | 4,687,009,256 | 20% | ||
esaia.mystic | 0 | 158,401,178 | 4.32% | ||
maticpecovnik | 0 | 2,989,573,770 | 8% | ||
robotics101 | 0 | 1,963,440,729 | 20% | ||
tristan-muller | 0 | 80,198,661 | 20% | ||
gentleshaid | 0 | 9,361,006,578 | 10% | ||
thescubageek | 0 | 251,537,882 | 2.16% | ||
fejiro | 0 | 216,312,225 | 10% | ||
nunesso | 0 | 34,837,400,684 | 50% | ||
danaedwards | 0 | 394,100,368 | 4.32% | ||
ivymalifred | 0 | 1,983,556,327 | 50% | ||
sco | 0 | 19,134,680,378 | 20% | ||
douglimarbalzan | 0 | 441,335,519 | 100% | ||
ennyta | 0 | 927,400,886 | 50% | ||
rharphelle | 0 | 401,069,530 | 25% | ||
stahlberg | 0 | 921,610,861 | 2.16% | ||
gabrielatravels | 0 | 197,919,095 | 1.08% | ||
jaro-art | 0 | 3,543,136,693 | 100% | ||
cordeta | 0 | 78,433,317 | 2.16% | ||
reizak | 0 | 333,732,797 | 1.72% | ||
zlatkamrs | 0 | 213,321,769 | 4.1% | ||
monie | 0 | 494,864,401 | 100% | ||
eliaschess333 | 0 | 9,437,335,393 | 50% | ||
shoganaii | 0 | 184,120,067 | 10% | ||
darkiche | 0 | 76,730,472 | 10% | ||
ydavgonzalez | 0 | 401,559,576 | 5% | ||
payger | 0 | 78,983,809 | 2.16% | ||
langford | 0 | 356,813,011 | 20% | ||
mattiarinaldoni | 0 | 0 | 1% | ||
mathowl | 0 | 4,376,955,523 | 10% | ||
shinedojo | 0 | 427,272,354 | 4.32% | ||
gaming.yer | 0 | 508,888,950 | 100% | ||
kingeazi | 0 | 438,839,007 | 50% | ||
steem-familia | 0 | 507,226,018 | 100% | ||
lacher-prise | 0 | 188,678,814 | 10% | ||
terrylovejoy | 0 | 3,542,843,193 | 8% | ||
jjohnson78 | 0 | 179,844,291 | 2.16% | ||
jcalero | 0 | 134,936,934 | 4.32% | ||
wisewoof | 0 | 118,979,641 | 2.16% | ||
neneandy | 0 | 4,772,479,147 | 4.32% | ||
olajidekehinde | 0 | 81,822,455 | 10% | ||
real2josh | 0 | 153,135,951 | 10% | ||
steepup | 0 | 440,451,147 | 8% | ||
gribouille | 0 | 540,614,077 | 20% | ||
traviseric | 0 | 249,148,474 | 50% | ||
yrmaleza | 0 | 372,930,377 | 50% | ||
stemng | 0 | 6,617,502,941 | 10% | ||
mininthecity | 0 | 155,136,993 | 3.45% | ||
edprivat | 0 | 1,899,005,148 | 0.15% | ||
twanz | 0 | 183,024,308 | 100% | ||
trixie | 0 | 68,954,427 | 10% | ||
kingabesh | 0 | 508,863,532 | 10% | ||
bobandtom | 0 | 403,216,578 | 50% | ||
evangelista.yova | 0 | 499,888,710 | 100% | ||
miguelangel2801 | 0 | 792,435,954 | 50% | ||
didic | 0 | 2,482,645,066 | 2.16% | ||
niko3d | 0 | 97,857,635 | 2.16% | ||
jenniferjulieth | 0 | 434,102,351 | 100% | ||
operahoser | 0 | 255,505,129 | 0.64% | ||
emiliomoron | 0 | 4,431,034,473 | 50% | ||
bendismuzik | 0 | 225,642,646 | 70% | ||
galam | 0 | 71,549,711 | 7% | ||
dexterdev | 0 | 2,626,443,191 | 10% | ||
intellihandling | 0 | 3,131,238,543 | 50% | ||
nwjordan | 0 | 610,781,200 | 4.32% | ||
oghie | 0 | 477,633,541 | 50% | ||
geopolis | 0 | 1,302,570,567 | 20% | ||
ajfernandez | 0 | 401,332,983 | 100% | ||
robertbira | 0 | 2,106,333,157 | 5% | ||
bearded-benjamin | 0 | 60,567,135,669 | 50% | ||
atomcollector | 0 | 3,491,431,835 | 20% | ||
teekingtv | 0 | 223,843,149 | 5% | ||
alexdory | 0 | 1,004,768,720 | 8% | ||
aotearoa | 0 | 900,728,993 | 9% | ||
flugschwein | 0 | 4,678,584,717 | 19% | ||
benleemusic | 0 | 147,372,605 | 0.43% | ||
gjart | 0 | 1,275,139,324 | 30% | ||
ulisesfl17 | 0 | 914,613,515 | 30% | ||
arac | 0 | 129,298,163 | 10% | ||
francostem | 0 | 2,751,212,193 | 20% | ||
ivan-g | 0 | 542,995,371 | 2.16% | ||
endopediatria | 0 | 695,806,150 | 20% | ||
croctopus | 0 | 1,508,061,549 | 100% | ||
zipporah | 0 | 902,202,339 | 0.86% | ||
sissyjill | 0 | 61,229,698 | 7% | ||
ingmarvin | 0 | 448,292,478 | 100% | ||
joelagbo | 0 | 103,716,555 | 5% | ||
emmanuel293 | 0 | 99,846,568 | 25% | ||
cryptofuwealth | 0 | 71,694,545 | 11% | ||
morbyjohn | 0 | 88,660,364 | 7% | ||
alix96 | 0 | 434,285,519 | 100% | ||
ambitiouslife | 0 | 233,813,963 | 2.16% | ||
positiveninja | 0 | 469,288,894 | 2.16% | ||
newenx | 0 | 1,475,907,495 | 10% | ||
tomastonyperez | 0 | 11,827,928,564 | 50% | ||
bil.prag | 0 | 78,638,276 | 0.21% | ||
jingis07 | 0 | 253,405,778 | 2.16% | ||
elvigia | 0 | 10,312,523,813 | 50% | ||
scoora82 | 0 | 1,121,828,448 | 24% | ||
ravenmus1c | 0 | 3,400,027,634 | 100% | ||
peter-ella | 0 | 1,714,958,228 | 70% | ||
qberry | 0 | 2,060,389,477 | 2.16% | ||
gabyoraa | 0 | 81,114,281 | 2.16% | ||
lesmouths-travel | 0 | 976,506,185 | 13% | ||
cjunros | 0 | 94,948,255 | 2.16% | ||
theatreofdelays | 0 | 4,137,467,681 | 100% | ||
effofex | 0 | 2,172,717,345 | 10% | ||
luiscd8a | 0 | 1,418,007,427 | 80% | ||
jimswan | 0 | 522,925,741 | 100% | ||
indusrush | 0 | 1,483,102,208 | 100% | ||
eniolw | 0 | 322,981,230 | 5% | ||
de-stem | 0 | 7,925,135,048 | 19.8% | ||
elsll | 0 | 96,746,253 | 4.32% | ||
elpdl | 0 | 543,755,338 | 100% | ||
derbesserwisser | 0 | 162,470,343 | 100% | ||
serylt | 0 | 3,939,671,541 | 19.6% | ||
bavi | 0 | 126,975,416 | 2.16% | ||
hiddenblade | 0 | 379,706,318 | 3.45% | ||
misia1979 | 0 | 374,677,031 | 2.16% | ||
josedelacruz | 0 | 5,452,084,717 | 50% | ||
joseangelvs | 0 | 1,892,766,312 | 100% | ||
viannis | 0 | 1,601,669,080 | 50% | ||
flores39 | 0 | 391,396,471 | 100% | ||
camuel | 0 | 10,704,754,224 | 20% | ||
majapesi | 0 | 248,266,772 | 50% | ||
menoski | 0 | 1,188,124,890 | 5% | ||
erickyoussif | 0 | 2,299,012,961 | 100% | ||
recordpool | 0 | 73,297,410 | 5% | ||
michaelwrites | 0 | 229,567,867 | 10% | ||
deholt | 0 | 830,533,744 | 17% | ||
archaimusic | 0 | 126,873,181 | 10% | ||
davidjhope | 0 | 524,762,347 | 100% | ||
smacommunity | 0 | 150,268,587 | 2.16% | ||
moeostar | 0 | 883,282,023 | 100% | ||
musicvoter | 0 | 3,799,158,907 | 1% | ||
edanya | 0 | 86,458,912 | 2.16% | ||
goodway | 0 | 153,646,507 | 1% | ||
ntowl | 0 | 78,544,577 | 1.29% | ||
nigerian-yogagal | 0 | 75,557,076 | 2.16% | ||
temitayo-pelumi | 0 | 1,518,744,051 | 20% | ||
andrick | 0 | 457,290,315 | 50% | ||
yusvelasquez | 0 | 471,828,572 | 50% | ||
doctor-cog-diss | 0 | 335,666,118 | 20% | ||
alexworld | 0 | 422,424,740 | 25% | ||
musiciansupport | 0 | 2,100,393,772 | 100% | ||
gracelbm | 0 | 200,174,905 | 2.16% | ||
acont | 0 | 248,601,482 | 50% | ||
niouton | 0 | 177,809,363 | 0.86% | ||
purelove | 0 | 69,948,884 | 20% | ||
elimao | 0 | 440,991,999 | 100% | ||
schroders | 0 | 1,615,497,883 | 1.29% | ||
anaestrada12 | 0 | 24,209,934,502 | 100% | ||
steemzeiger | 0 | 1,082,883,866 | 19.8% | ||
spenza | 0 | 5,478,070,265 | 100% | ||
yorgermadison | 0 | 365,900,247 | 100% | ||
alexjunior | 0 | 386,268,675 | 100% | ||
michael2011 | 0 | 526,571,018 | 100% | ||
somegaming | 0 | 91,657,804 | 4.32% | ||
antunez25 | 0 | 440,903,031 | 100% | ||
haf67 | 0 | 396,690,649 | 100% | ||
joelsegovia | 0 | 12,356,079,605 | 50% | ||
chavas | 0 | 473,389,419 | 100% | ||
longer | 0 | 220,041,922 | 50% | ||
blewitt | 0 | 1,517,122,903 | 0.3% | ||
fl15 | 0 | 11,275,240,453 | 60% | ||
anyer-quantum | 0 | 542,567,118 | 100% | ||
kafupraise | 0 | 77,681,847 | 34% | ||
biomimi | 0 | 189,134,049 | 40% | ||
ibk-gabriel | 0 | 121,868,651 | 10% | ||
drsensor | 0 | 1,571,508,234 | 8% | ||
mirzantorres | 0 | 244,141,337 | 50% | ||
starfinger13 | 0 | 2,573,657,784 | 75% | ||
jesusfl17 | 0 | 391,364,212 | 100% | ||
mrnightmare89 | 0 | 1,558,400,232 | 26% | ||
ilovecryptopl | 0 | 568,481,242 | 3.45% | ||
purelyscience | 0 | 117,631,595 | 10% | ||
eglinson | 0 | 347,927,898 | 100% | ||
uzcateguiazambra | 0 | 457,432,095 | 100% | ||
yomismosoy | 0 | 234,124,586 | 50% | ||
esteliopadilla | 0 | 2,789,996,994 | 100% | ||
everwatching | 0 | 189,854,955 | 100% | ||
casiloko | 0 | 248,937,156 | 50% | ||
bflanagin | 0 | 350,476,766 | 2.16% | ||
ubaldonet | 0 | 4,675,403,020 | 65% | ||
motorway | 0 | 1,556,909,279 | 100% | ||
asmeira | 0 | 517,726,726 | 100% | ||
garrillo | 0 | 355,073,285 | 100% | ||
lillywilton | 0 | 940,090,834 | 20% | ||
yestermorrow | 0 | 1,873,879,032 | 6% | ||
mary11 | 0 | 541,755,241 | 75% | ||
skaarl | 0 | 5,478,001,108 | 100% | ||
hansmast | 0 | 307,396,215 | 2.16% | ||
icondark | 0 | 15,396,795,214 | 100% | ||
gentlefred | 0 | 553,008,704 | 100% | ||
wallyt | 0 | 140,342,346 | 1.72% | ||
wstanley226 | 0 | 64,181,655 | 50% | ||
gpcx86 | 0 | 915,654,156 | 25% | ||
amart29 | 0 | 1,744,901,376 | 15% | ||
andypalacios | 0 | 243,536,868 | 50% | ||
p4ragon | 0 | 1,440,426,998 | 50% | ||
yaelg | 0 | 2,473,026,014 | 5% | ||
pfernandezpetit | 0 | 369,215,636 | 100% | ||
mgarrillogonzale | 0 | 412,905,990 | 100% | ||
rubenp | 0 | 540,398,565 | 100% | ||
jeferc | 0 | 539,526,114 | 100% | ||
ultramod | 0 | 522,243,669 | 100% | ||
whymonkey | 0 | 2,839,918,374 | 100% | ||
clement.poiret | 0 | 225,548,378 | 4.32% | ||
fran.frey | 0 | 1,823,278,614 | 50% | ||
emsteemians | 0 | 103,156,195 | 10% | ||
perpetuum-lynx | 0 | 422,769,607 | 19.6% | ||
jrevilla | 0 | 211,601,636 | 50% | ||
housechain | 0 | 348,923,958 | 100% | ||
annaabi | 0 | 274,431,861 | 2.16% | ||
frankduna | 0 | 522,531,857 | 100% | ||
emperorhassy | 0 | 352,592,825 | 10% | ||
smartkid809 | 0 | 74,816,880 | 32% | ||
moniroy | 0 | 2,608,201,451 | 50% | ||
skorup87 | 0 | 16,158,328 | 11% | ||
elvenbard | 0 | 50,846,911 | 50% | ||
trang | 0 | 374,407,231 | 2.16% | ||
stem-espanol | 0 | 74,419,982,586 | 100% | ||
praditya | 0 | 1,836,169,669 | 24% | ||
rishhk | 0 | 70,388,188 | 15% | ||
nostosmus | 0 | 479,222,766 | 100% | ||
steemituplife | 0 | 461,369,529 | 15.9% | ||
rhethypo | 0 | 120,173,637 | 2.16% | ||
antigourmet | 0 | 212,823,576 | 2.16% | ||
predict-crypto | 0 | 94,659,181 | 0.08% | ||
chickenmeat | 0 | 201,587,837 | 2.16% | ||
javier.dejuan | 0 | 4,624,590,768 | 20% | ||
coinbrew | 0 | 221,171,816 | 3.45% | ||
stereodecor | 0 | 525,085,822 | 100% | ||
hirally | 0 | 459,031,132 | 100% | ||
emynb | 0 | 359,609,442 | 100% | ||
fanta-steem | 0 | 973,162,227 | 30% | ||
desikaamukkahani | 0 | 92,783,957 | 4.32% | ||
reverseacid | 0 | 244,085,466 | 2.16% | ||
giulyfarci52 | 0 | 1,055,894,671 | 50% | ||
alvin0617 | 0 | 319,053,080 | 2.16% | ||
solarphasing | 0 | 299,499,190 | 5% | ||
stem.witness | 0 | 16,458,196,254 | 20% | ||
sarhugo | 0 | 95,783,493 | 2.16% | ||
alex-hm | 0 | 1,313,892,618 | 50% | ||
wilmer14molina | 0 | 541,317,015 | 100% | ||
eugenialobo | 0 | 520,828,586 | 100% | ||
ballesteroj | 0 | 386,929,461 | 100% | ||
jcmontilva | 0 | 479,058,309 | 100% | ||
rodriguezr | 0 | 408,009,409 | 100% | ||
marbely20 | 0 | 453,109,088 | 100% | ||
moyam | 0 | 541,123,583 | 100% | ||
emilycg | 0 | 402,417,398 | 100% | ||
darys | 0 | 480,694,925 | 100% | ||
sibaja | 0 | 487,668,495 | 100% | ||
balcej | 0 | 541,055,086 | 100% | ||
lmanjarres | 0 | 466,217,534 | 100% | ||
anaka | 0 | 542,186,830 | 100% | ||
benhurg | 0 | 541,138,058 | 100% | ||
judisa | 0 | 542,840,762 | 100% | ||
juddarivv | 0 | 541,130,840 | 100% | ||
mariamo | 0 | 430,187,192 | 100% | ||
kimmorales | 0 | 471,512,388 | 100% | ||
loraine25 | 0 | 452,641,774 | 100% | ||
kingnosa | 0 | 68,886,566 | 50% | ||
pamahdoo | 0 | 0 | 9% | ||
stonermedal | 0 | 69,146,346 | 42% | ||
ascorphat | 0 | 1,810,179,227 | 2.5% | ||
priyankachauhan | 0 | 78,995,868 | 3.45% | ||
travisung | 0 | 7,754,669,550 | 2.16% | ||
cameravisual | 0 | 5,370,406,447 | 50% | ||
amin-ove | 0 | 111,314,036 | 50% | ||
goodcontentbot | 0 | 71,169,851 | 50% | ||
huilco | 0 | 540,766,310 | 100% | ||
cerd26 | 0 | 85,471,019 | 100% | ||
herculean | 0 | 56,136,821 | 50% | ||
combatsports | 0 | 1,463,770,892 | 4.32% | ||
jent | 0 | 344,210,623 | 70% | ||
donasys | 0 | 51,677,277 | 50% | ||
mtfmohammad | 0 | 99,880,687 | 25% | ||
thewhalehunter | 0 | 53,613,699 | 50% | ||
chrisluke | 0 | 102,005,244 | 26% | ||
joannar | 0 | 115,391,595 | 25% | ||
pflanzenlilly | 0 | 249,635,601 | 50% | ||
sapphire.app | 0 | 344,458,609 | 50% | ||
atomicannie | 0 | 0 | 1% | ||
nicephoto | 0 | 3,420,082,733 | 3.45% | ||
naturalproducts | 0 | 699,176,535 | 25% | ||
smalltall | 0 | 874,119,119 | 20% | ||
photographybd | 0 | 69,891,685 | 50% | ||
faberleggenda | 0 | 542,812,043 | 100% | ||
mohaaking | 0 | 136,247,294 | 50% | ||
gustavoagt | 0 | 324,619,686 | 97% | ||
estang | 0 | 517,454,884 | 100% | ||
vaccinusveritas | 0 | 6,773,026,358 | 50% | ||
celine-robichaud | 0 | 23,538,553 | 24% | ||
crazy-facts | 0 | 206,798,880 | 10% | ||
patris | 0 | 133,733,196 | 2.16% | ||
lionsmane | 0 | 15,779,795 | 1% | ||
alfatron777 | 0 | 0 | 1.72% | ||
sembdelgado | 0 | 77,740,977 | 50% | ||
belugas | 0 | 76,188,225 | 100% | ||
cojp | 0 | 35,375,785 | 50% | ||
descalante | 0 | 145,672,933 | 50% |
谢谢分享! 本文存在如下问题: 1. 如前所述,对开源代码的引用,请注明“作者”、“开源协议”、“出处”等信息; 2. 引用2中的链接有误;
author | cn-stem |
---|---|
permlink | re-geyu-09-create-an-os-from-scratch-09-20190414t165853136z |
category | esteem |
json_metadata | {"tags":["esteem"],"app":"steempeak/1.9.6"} |
created | 2019-04-14 16:58:54 |
last_update | 2019-04-14 16:58:54 |
depth | 1 |
children | 1 |
last_payout | 2019-04-21 16:58:54 |
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 |
total_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
curator_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
promoted | 0.000 HBD |
body_length | 74 |
author_reputation | 2,817,035,839,243 |
root_title | "从头写一个操作系统 09 (create an OS from scratch 09)" |
beneficiaries | [] |
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD |
percent_hbd | 10,000 |
post_id | 83,089,313 |
net_rshares | 0 |
谢谢,已修改
author | geyu | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
permlink | re-cn-stem-2019415t95843863z | ||||||
category | esteem | ||||||
json_metadata | {"tags":["esteem"],"app":"esteem/2.0.7-surfer","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem.app"} | ||||||
created | 2019-04-15 01:58:45 | ||||||
last_update | 2019-04-15 01:58:45 | ||||||
depth | 2 | ||||||
children | 0 | ||||||
last_payout | 2019-04-22 01:58:45 | ||||||
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 | ||||||
total_payout_value | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
curator_payout_value | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
promoted | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
body_length | 6 | ||||||
author_reputation | 1,811,446,112,774 | ||||||
root_title | "从头写一个操作系统 09 (create an OS from scratch 09)" | ||||||
beneficiaries |
| ||||||
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD | ||||||
percent_hbd | 10,000 | ||||||
post_id | 83,111,174 | ||||||
net_rshares | 0 |
不错。腿开始粗了。加油😂 Posted using [Partiko Android](https://partiko.app/referral/davidke20)
author | davidke20 |
---|---|
permlink | davidke20-re-geyu-09-create-an-os-from-scratch-09-20190415t034233707z |
category | esteem |
json_metadata | {"app":"partiko","client":"android"} |
created | 2019-04-15 03:42:33 |
last_update | 2019-04-15 03:42:33 |
depth | 1 |
children | 1 |
last_payout | 2019-04-22 03:42:33 |
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 |
total_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
curator_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
promoted | 0.000 HBD |
body_length | 84 |
author_reputation | 952,373,523,681,662 |
root_title | "从头写一个操作系统 09 (create an OS from scratch 09)" |
beneficiaries | [] |
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD |
percent_hbd | 10,000 |
post_id | 83,115,144 |
net_rshares | 1,114,687,031 |
author_curate_reward | "" |
voter | weight | wgt% | rshares | pct | time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
geyu | 0 | 1,114,687,031 | 100% |
哇噻,我都没搞清楚什么情况,谢谢拉哥鼓励!
author | geyu | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
permlink | re-davidke20-2019415t115314371z | ||||||
category | esteem | ||||||
json_metadata | {"tags":["esteem"],"app":"esteem/2.0.7-surfer","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem.app"} | ||||||
created | 2019-04-15 03:53:15 | ||||||
last_update | 2019-04-15 03:53:15 | ||||||
depth | 2 | ||||||
children | 0 | ||||||
last_payout | 2019-04-22 03:53:15 | ||||||
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 | ||||||
total_payout_value | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
curator_payout_value | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
promoted | 0.000 HBD | ||||||
body_length | 21 | ||||||
author_reputation | 1,811,446,112,774 | ||||||
root_title | "从头写一个操作系统 09 (create an OS from scratch 09)" | ||||||
beneficiaries |
| ||||||
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD | ||||||
percent_hbd | 10,000 | ||||||
post_id | 83,115,585 | ||||||
net_rshares | 0 |
欢迎联系@team-cn和@ericet加入新手村参与讨论哦~ 推荐阅读[《Steem指南》](https://steem-guides.github.io/steemh),学习更多关于Steem的知识和经验。
author | robertyan |
---|---|
permlink | re-geyu-09-create-an-os-from-scratch-09-20190414t152028790z |
category | esteem |
json_metadata | {"tags":["esteem"],"users":["team-cn","ericet"],"links":["https://steem-guides.github.io/steemh"],"app":"steemit/0.1"} |
created | 2019-04-14 15:20:30 |
last_update | 2019-04-14 15:20:30 |
depth | 1 |
children | 0 |
last_payout | 2019-04-21 15:20:30 |
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 |
total_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
curator_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
promoted | 0.000 HBD |
body_length | 106 |
author_reputation | 16,909,391,530,163 |
root_title | "从头写一个操作系统 09 (create an OS from scratch 09)" |
beneficiaries | [] |
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD |
percent_hbd | 10,000 |
post_id | 83,085,348 |
net_rshares | 0 |
<div class='text-justify'> <div class='pull-left'> <center> <br /> <img width='200' src='https://res.cloudinary.com/drrz8xekm/image/upload/v1553698283/weenlqbrqvvczjy6dayw.jpg'> </center> <br/> </div> This post has been voted on by the **SteemSTEM** curation team and voting trail. It is elligible for support from <b><a href='https://www.steemstem.io/#!/@curie'>@curie</a></b>.<br /> If you appreciate the work we are doing, then consider supporting our witness [**stem.witness**](https://steemconnect.com/sign/account_witness_vote?approve=1&witness=stem.witness). Additional witness support to the [**curie witness**](https://steemconnect.com/sign/account_witness_vote?approve=1&witness=curie) would be appreciated as well.<br /> For additional information please join us on the [**SteemSTEM discord**]( https://discord.gg/BPARaqn) and to get to know the rest of the community!<br /> Please consider setting <b><a href='https://www.steemstem.io/#!/@steemstem'>@steemstem</a></b> as a beneficiary to your post to get a stronger support.<br /> Please consider using the <b><a href='https://www.steemstem.io'>steemstem.io</a></b> app to get a stronger support.</div>
author | steemstem |
---|---|
permlink | re-geyu-09-create-an-os-from-scratch-09-20190415t025930138z |
category | esteem |
json_metadata | {"app":"bloguable-bot"} |
created | 2019-04-15 02:59:33 |
last_update | 2019-04-15 02:59:33 |
depth | 1 |
children | 0 |
last_payout | 2019-04-22 02:59:33 |
cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 |
total_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
curator_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
promoted | 0.000 HBD |
body_length | 1,174 |
author_reputation | 262,017,435,115,313 |
root_title | "从头写一个操作系统 09 (create an OS from scratch 09)" |
beneficiaries | [] |
max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD |
percent_hbd | 10,000 |
post_id | 83,113,344 |
net_rshares | 0 |