<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmbHu1M8v64VW1gRHjBkawYZg5XFuLrN42TpCkRZP4oUqc/portgada%20esta.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010, using public domain images. </div></blockquote></div>
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<div class="text-justify"> Welcome back to all those readers of the #Hive community. This issue is intended to address the chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction, present in our daily lives, as well as those involved in determining the levels of alcohol in the human body through a technological instrument such as the breathalyzer.  We will share the following guidelines from the @stemsocial community, which refer to scientific publications with practical contributions. 
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<center><h2><strong> INTRODUCTION</strong></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> The biological processes, are carried out mostly through aqueous medium, where a set of chemical reactions can be seen that allow the operation of the systems where they are developed. The term <strong> chemical reaction, </strong> has been coined in previous deliveries, where it is established as the process by which the reagents are transformed into products, giving rise to the formation of new substances with characteristics different from the original ones.
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<div class="text-justify"> Therefore, on an experimental, biological and natural level, aqueous reactions play a preponderant role since they are present everywhere. On a practical level, reactions in the aqueous phase are very important, due to the capacity of water to dissolve a large number of substances, generating ionic substances that allow easy interaction and formation of chemical reactions.
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<div class="text-justify"> In this sense, on this occasion we will focus on studying the set of reactions that can be carried out in the aqueous phase, concentrating on the redox reactions, in order to give an answer on the chemical functioning of the alcoholometer as an instrument used to avoid traffic accidents.   
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<center><h2><strong> GENERALITIES OF THE SOLUTIONS IN AQUEOUS PHASE
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<div class="text-justify"> As we have mentioned in previous deliveries, the dissolutions are homogeneous mixtures formed by a solute and a solvent, where the <strong> solute </strong> is the substance that is found in smaller quantity and the <strong> solvent </strong> is the most abundant compound within the solutions.
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<div class="text-justify"> In function of instructing the reader on the behavior of the solutions, in this opportunity we will speak of <strong> electrolytic solutes, </strong> being understood as that substance that is completely dissociated in water, generated a solution and that has the capacity to conduct electricity. On the other hand, the <strong> non-electrolytic solutes, </strong> do not dissociate in water and therefore the solutions they generate do not have the capacity to conduct electricity.
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<div class="text-justify"> A practical demonstration, to understand the phenomenon that takes place, consists of circulating electric current on different solutions and thus evaluate the capacity of dissociation of the substances involved, as shown in the following images.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmdnZfGCEeCndz8ekKRqwT2pj3mMH1AFiJrtb77zcpZtCV/imagen%202%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 2. Equipment to identify electrolyte solutes. Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> Once the experiment is done we can determine that the capacity of a solution to conduct electricity depends on the amount of ions dissolved, so it is expected that sodium chloride (NaCl) is the compound that fully demonstrates this property, since it dissociates according to the following equation 
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmWSXG3wNLfKWmK5s8G5DW5AnQ6aDZ1vhrnsVPZPHPH2D2/imagen%203%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 3. Chemical equation representing the aqueous dissociation of sodium chloride. Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> When analyzing the above equation, we realize that the positive and negative charges of the sodium and chlorine ions behave like an electrical bridge that allows the light bulb to turn on.
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<center><h2><strong> TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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<div class="text-justify"> In this section of the topic, we will make a tour of the different chemical reactions that can develop in aqueous media, devoting greater attention to oxidation-reduction reactions (ORP) that interest us for practical purposes to comply with the title of this topic. 
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<div class="text-justify"> In this sense, we will make a brief outline of the reactions that take place in the aqueous phase.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong> Precipitation reaction: </strong>, Are those that result from the combination of certain cations and anions in solution, generating water-insoluble substances that tend to make solid, which are deposited at the bottom of the container because of its own weight. Precipitation reactions are used in laboratories to identify the ions present in a solution whose principle is based on the following equation.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmNRKGMWEswv7AkSdr2fJEUVbwWrMYwWLXpSyWS8XWk7Zd/imagen%204%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 4. Equation representing the precipitation of a chemical. Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> If we analyze the equation, we can see that combining an aqueous solution of lead nitrate [Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] with a solution of potassium iodide (KI) results in potassium nitrate (KNO<sub>3</sub>) and the lead iodide (PbI<sub>2</sub>) that precipitates during the process, product of the double displacement of the cations and anions present in the reaction.  
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong> Acid-base reactions: </strong> 
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<div class="text-justify"> This type of reaction refers to the use of those substances that have the capacity to yield and accept electrons, which we call acids and bases respectively. When these substances react they give rise to the formation of a compound with ionic characteristics that we will call salt plus water production.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmYkLxGdeWrTZChHmtf3AbXyya95b9zqN9yTaR33PWWWYq/imagen%205%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig 5. Equation representing an acid-base process. Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> If we analyze the equation, we can see that a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution reacts as a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution resulting in the formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) plus water (H<sub>2</sub>O).
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong> Reduction-oxidation reactions (ORP): </strong> 
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<div class="text-justify"> This type of reaction is produced as a consequence of the transfer of electrons from one substance to another within a solution, originating a variation in the charge of the atoms that participate.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmespkUniztymBSJiFpBBFBcCcUgzKhmuCcKUHdoxj7t8y/imagen%206%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify">Fig 6.  Equation representing an oxidation-reduction process. Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> An example of redox reactions is the interaction between magnesium (Mg) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), where magnesium yields one of its electrons to chlorine to produce magnesium chloride (MgCl<sub>2</sub>) and release hydrogen as a gas. 
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<div class="text-justify"> In order to understand the functioning of the alcoholometer, we will deepen in the redox reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to talk about the <strong> oxidation states </strong> of the atoms, which is defined as the number of charges that an atom would have in a molecule (or in an ionic compound) if the electrons were completely transferred. [1]
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<div class="text-justify"> Through the number of oxidation we could evaluate if an element has oxidized or reduced, knowing that it has gained or lost electrons. In order to instruct the reader on redox reactions we will carry out a practical exercise, applying the concepts studied so far.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong> Proposed exercise:</strong> 
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<div class="text-justify"> The manganese oxide (MnO<sub>2</sub>) reacts with a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl), resulting in the formation of manganese ions (Mn), chlorine gas (Cl<sub>2</sub>) and water, according to the following ionic equation, determine
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<div class="text-justify"> 1.  Substance to be reduced
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<div class="text-justify"> 2. Oxidizing substance
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<div class="text-justify"> 3. Reducing agent
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<div class="text-justify"> 4. Oxidizing agent
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmUXByoqU92FqAxgHuDtT9o8ygqrrAASFCvFfnX74qRPmE/imagen%207%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 7. Chemical equation that represents the proposed statement. Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> The sequence to follow in order to respond to the exercise will be detailed in the following image.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmadn8ARFxmotzRgaJ3fj93E2cFi5nAL6Yf82e2qg4rj5w/imagen%208%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 8. Execution of the proposed problem. Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> In the previous image we can observe that there are substances that oxidize and others that reduce, this according to the gain or loss of electrons as it was explained before, in the same way it is important to mention that in this type of reaction neutral compounds will always participate, which are present in the process but do not participate in the charge variation.
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<center><h2><strong> TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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<div class="text-justify"> At the organic level, there is a great variety of compounds or organic family, in this respect we will talk about the alcohols, making reference to the ethanol that represents the fundamental principle of the alcoholic drinks. These substances have the capacity to oxidize and produce organic acids.
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<div class="text-justify"> Therefore, when we are submitted to the use of the alcoholometer what is being measured is the amount of acetic acid that is formed as a result of the redox reaction between potassium dichromate and ethanol, present in our body because of the alcoholic beverages we consume.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmZ22AaJ85oNfYq6vrHiTSLv5TqnwJXpbSTDXNRNRVRDTp/imagen%209%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 9. Oxidation-reduction reaction that takes place in the breathalyzer . Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> Technically, the device detects the loss of the orange color of the dichromate ion which turns green. This indicates that the chromium (+6) was reduced to chromium (+3) causing the color variation, so it is expected that the dichromate behaves as an oxidizing agent and ethanol will be our reducing agent. 
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmV6ddz9jkiCS17DWP7SYLKQP7d42X6Z7QcuQWtLDSkzbf/imagen%2010%20esta.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig 10. Schematic representation of the operation of the breathalyser. Author: Chang, (2010). Edited by: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> The regulatory measures for considering an individual with ethanol intoxication depend on the laws of each country, however, a reference average that we can use is 0.1% blood alcohol per unit mass, which reflects the concentration of ethanol in the blood and per entity in our system.  
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<center><h2><strong> CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THEME
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<div class="text-justify"> Through the themes of chemistry in context, we can integrate scientific content with daily applications of our daily lives. In this particular, the topic allowed us to approach those referring to the types of reactions, emphasizing those of oxidation and reduction and their application in instruments that allow us to watch over the integrity of human beings.
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<center><h2><strong> BIBLIOGRAPHY CONSULTED </strong></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify">  <strong>[1] Chang, R. (2010). </strong> Química. Decima edicion. McGraw-hill Interamericana editores. ISBN: 978-607-15-0307-7.
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<div class="text-justify"><strong>[2] Martinez and Col. (2018).</strong> The Breathalyzer: Alcohol Consumption in the National Fair of San Marcos 2018. International Journal of Educational Research and Training.<a href="https://www.ensj.edu.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/03-El-alcohol%C3%ADmetro.pdf" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com"> Article: Online Access </a></div>
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[3]  Mathews, C. K.; Van Holde, K. E.; Ahern, K. G. (2002)  </strong>. Bioquímica. PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, S. A., Madrid,  ISBN: 978-84-832-2694-0. Materia: Bioquímica, 577. ÁREA: CIENCIAS
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[4] McMURRY E., John y Fay C., Robert. (2008).</strong>  Química general. Quinta edición PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, México, 2009 ISBN: 978-970-26 1286-5.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[5] Ralph, H. Petrucci, William S. Harwood, E. Geoffrey Herring. (2003)</strong>. QUIMICA GENERAL. Octava edición. PEARSON EDUCACIÓN. S.A., Madrid.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[6]  WADE,LEROY. (2011). </strong>. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. VOLUME 2. SEVENTH EDITION. PEARSON EDUCATION, MEXICO, 2011 ISBN: 978-607-32.793-5.</div>     

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<center><h2><strong> OF INTEREST </strong></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> For more information related to the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, do not hesitate to visit #stemsocial and #stem-espanol, they are communities that promote scientific advances in these areas
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