https://youtu.be/Mgp2vrQeLEw

In this video I go over a very interesting concept and that is in interpreting complex or imaginary numbers as and equivalent rotational matrix form. This concept was brought to my attention by Lori Gardi from the [Fractal Woman](https://www.youtube.com/user/FractalWoman/search?query=complex%20numbers) YouTube channel. Rewriting complex numbers as rotation matrices allows for looking at complex numbers from a different perspective, and this case that perspective is in simply rotating vectors. The imaginary number "i" is thus viewed as simply a 90 degree rotation when viewed as a rotation matrix. I also rewrite the famous Euler's formula into a rotation matrix form and that turns out to just be a 180 degree rotation. Since complex numbers appear often in mathematics and physics, it may be insightful to reinterpret such complex equations as simply vector rotations!

Note that while I only covered 2D rotation matrices, a similar concept can be applied to 3D rotation matrices, and which I may cover in future videos so stay tuned.

The topics covered as well as their timestamps are listed below. 

- Introduction: 0:00
- Topics to Cover: 0:41
1. Fractal Woman and Other References: 1:28
2. Rotating a Vector: 3:01
3. Matrix Multiplication: 12:47
4. Matrix Addition: 25:29
5. Rotation Matrix: 27:13
6. Complex Numbers: 36:58
7. Relating the Complex Plane with the Rotation Matrix: 43:30
   - Complex Numbers as Vector Rotations: 57:12
   - Reinterpreting Euler's Formula: 1:10:02
   - Applications to Other Fields: 1:20:51

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# Complex Numbers as Rotation Matrices

![Complex Rotation Matrix.jpeg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23twA7QknK6cdrSeC4PVyzCXDonrhb3uavjJ3qiwMHHfG2azSWeP9LLtBgsmz2YtKsZyd.jpeg)

## Topics to Cover

The topics covered are listed below, and their timestamps will be included in the video description.

1. Fractal Woman and Other References
2. Rotating a Vector
3. Matrix Multiplication
4. Matrix Addition
5. Rotation Matrix
6. Complex Numbers
7. Relating the Complex Plane with the Rotation Matrix
   - Complex Numbers as Vector Rotations
   - Reinterpreting Euler's Formula
   - Applications to Other Fields

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# Fractal Woman and Other References

I got the inspiration to make this video from Lori Gardi's YouTube channel called "Fractal Woman", which I have linked below.

>[https://www.youtube.com/user/FractalWoman/search?query=complex%20numbers](https://www.youtube.com/user/FractalWoman/search?query=complex%20numbers)
**Retrieved:** 15 November 2022
**Archive:** https://archive.ph/wip/LH2I5

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23wMwWhZMnKSoXFkgggyvhyxLBR47aEDQ3BkVMn6h6Dpkxj4w6tK125Q13LJ5Ha9sTvZH.png)

Note that Lori states she got this idea from Robert Distinti of the "[www.Distinti.com](www.Distinti.com)" YouTube channel:

>[https://www.youtube.com/user/rdistinti/search?query=complex%20numbers](https://www.youtube.com/user/rdistinti/search?query=complex%20numbers)
>**Retrieved:** 17 November 2022
>**Archive:** https://archive.ph/wip/r0Qwl

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23w38cpQendyfDtfYWBceSWnYTNZWtjNvrxXQg1bKAvLNDfPGUWMHGfzNRADY31tVboWw.png)

Listed below are some sources which I used in the making of this video.

- SymPhys video derivation: https://youtu.be/n1vWKSSw4Uk
- Euler's formula: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula
- Rotation matrix: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Relationship_with_complex_plane
- Vectors: https://peakd.com/hive-128780/@mes/vectors-and-the-geometry-of-space-vectors
- Matrix multiplication: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_multiplication
- Matrix addition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_addition
- Complex number: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number
- Imaginary unit, i: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_unit
- Euler's formula: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula
	
---

# Rotating a Vector

Let's consider what happens when we rotate a vector by an angle θ:

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tw9yAxJ4Y7UDNyUZszz5k2MF95o6q4DnmSB5EX3wp5MY4sr5HXpjWs7qxhSWcMVvnvN.png)

Recall the following trigonometric identities from my earlier videos.
	
>cos(A ± B): [https://youtu.be/VuQczhk7HOs](https://youtu.be/VuQczhk7HOs)
>sin(A ± B): [https://youtu.be/edtk9thfwbM](https://youtu.be/edtk9thfwbM)
>	
>cos⁡(A ± B) = cos⁡A⋅cos⁡B ∓ sin⁡A⋅sin⁡B
>sin⁡(A ± B)= sin⁡A⋅cos⁡B ± cos⁡A⋅sin⁡B

Thus, utilizing the addition identities we obtain:

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tmmjqri8gJmQ8uT8BBFCVn31YK7PWJ7x5iGfepRLajTbFT4i4CVxDLqeLKFYRBfQQFQ.png)

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# Matrix Multiplication

A matrix (plural is matrices) is just a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, such as the following 2x2 matrix.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/Eo2BJ5b2eo3wAZSQmTJKi8vegRcupWTWZWgodKVwrxKA4A6T9RJoL7HvMRBSWMAqFNp.png)

Multiplying 2 matrices, **A** and **B**, is defined such that it produces a second matrix **C** and denoted **AB**, and follows the rules listed below:

- The number of columns of the first matrix **A** must equal to the number of rows in the second matrix **B**.
- The resulting matrix has the number of rows of the first **A** and the number of columns of the second matrix **B**.

>**MES Note:** Typically the notation for a matrix is to **bold** the symbol, such as **A**, but I will use the following notation as well where it is more clear: **[A]**. 

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tSym8QDUL5zUUWSyoooysCjzXe37NTG2iZoGkD59PXRncmDmgCWzBTkRWcGqavdzzkT.png)

The values in **C** or **AB** involve multiplying each corresponding row of **A** with each corresponding column of **B** and summing them up as follows:

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/48HhJe3iCLy83MhbMvUYH9d7LGcXYop48kURwUFynfbMmFs4ggZQzmxTPYfQNT1n2g.png)

---

# Matrix Addition

Matrix addition requires that two matrices have equal number of rows and columns, and the result is that each corresponding entry simply adds up together; as the following example illustrates:

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tSym8QDpCnr6VrhrEqrQHk95eJ1phJFMrb1e4e62oncZZtaxjAzV1xFJDSQP8qV7u2y.png)

---

# Rotation Matrix

Now let's get back to our earlier vector rotation and summarize what we have:

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/Eo6SGJLzvCgkoHde5RZ7T1BxvTk8TyR9xhoJFgs31Y3bgL7r37Vf311DLDT3MbpqZEG.png)

Let's try now to convert our vector rotation into an equivalent matrix form.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tSyz4YwzMNJrLH7VwGihCKY7y72XDqoVBkLuzBdwxi1Jrnu4siAoMEsinJ3VpY1PJFP.png)

The above 2x2 matrix is called the **Rotation Matrix**, which we denote by **R** or **R(θ)**, since it rotates the vector a by **θ**.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tmmXSdNb23UyEMuMYx2RrBdujNuVsbVVc1d2hcKSe8DRvv4TWUXJDw47dG3gaGMSBoU.png)

---

# Complex Numbers

I had done a video on Complex or Imaginary Numbers 11 years ago, but it is a bit outdated and unpolished as it was one of my first videos on the channel.

>https://youtu.be/iLGopblJ1Pc
>**Retrieved:** 15 November 2022
>**Archive:** https://archive.ph/wip/U9bdF

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/241ZvKpa1gpRLwCrmy5Gdq1Y2H79n36UAK3nBrYt3KDQAUyFxLe889GQP9PPNUZoaMsbv.png)
	
Let's now start fresh here.

A **complex number** is an extension of real numbers by using the **imaginary unit**, i.

The imaginary unit, i, is a solution to the equation:

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/EoAgtrWxqWhpJbhpfADM2vEQVjXTCTjtirin9RDWv8GZ3tj32daEiW6iKGQG36mPhKn.png)

Because no real number satisfies the above equation, i was called an "imaginary number".

Complex numbers are written in the form:

>z = a + bi
>	
>where a and b are real numbers.
	
The a term is considered the **real part** and the b term is considered the **imaginary part**.

A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an [**Argand diagram**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argand_diagram); where the imaginary axis (**Im**) is the vertical axis and the real axis (**Re**) is the horizontal axis.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/Eo6SGJLzvvTKzQph977RSLvKQcqj2qAoDnJnub8KxkYhVoNHmnNjNoEPV5gqzgnvumy.png)

Let's break down the complex number z into its component parts via the angle θ and only consider the unit length of 1 since we only want to consider rotation for now.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/Eo8ZYbEviVB6XeYWohwBJzjMuFKmueTuhtDeRkvAddNPaCymEqiC1wYJwa1NbopUQ5m.png)

---

# Relating the Complex Plane with the Rotation Matrix

Let's try to manipulate our previous rotation matrix equation to try to get it in a form similar to the above complex equation.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tSym8QDRkZckCtuZvmLdtn8CjF7nSPAXG57YRHZ2BPLhLPPDwmatKf279wcgQ9UeRvY.png)

Note that the **I** matrix above is called the **"Identity Matrix"**.

Let's compare our above expression with that of the unit complex number equation we derived earlier.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/Eo4JhGpWgT4F876H1QhMG9ZyvEnyQWPDkogJwY67kN3Tkjt89KgriQuPcSaGn4AYs64.png)

Now let's compare the properties of **I** and **X** with that of 1 and i.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tHbKgySQBkVwv7WtzRDFjSf38fWJjnoXgc5BTaTEiMiDspeT4n8nrq3NrDUwoWkuTUq.png)

Thus we can say that our Rotation matrix is equivalent to an unit Complex number. #Amazing

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23t8D6MYfJxwehzo1CG9DkBrrcYknY1a4dyGc6r5vUcpVpsb7DKr7x75CBiyBBocjvT7R.png)

---

## Complex Numbers as Rotations

The identity matrix **I** and the unit imaginary matrix **i** can be viewed as rotations of 0° for **I** and 90° for **i**.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23t8CfKPvnngMjQyuaX65erzvFVGsVxcN9LyQnPjGrmiEX596DzW9Mbsv9BH9BjGyXXkp.png)

Equating unit complex numbers to rotation matrices effectively means that we can interpret unit complex numbers as applying a rotation to another vector.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tHbr9ykuEL4dmSzyxpRVhZHtzPzhuJTs9mpbmJn1nQxPpqgqA7ZFPyFKQBHG9jS4t6W.png)

Note that if we rotate by a full 360 degrees or 2π radians, we get back to where we started!

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tcNeS8UAdxx99hkQZVfz65oQoyUNFbkt9jk6A4rnyUH5ZWoncnDoLd2Nibw1FKzftbS.png)

---

## Reinterpreting Euler's Formula 

Let's now consider the famous **Euler's formula** and reinterpret it as a 2x2 rotation matrix.

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/Eo6SGJLzsptiqj7MwX9QM8qSQ9EPm5k1SJf2yqd34QJJhqv2jmVtMtjovJEXZhBEQ2U.png)

When x = π, we get **Euler's identity**:

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tHbKgyShCFvv6Qaodn3DPNrxmvDcr4r84w3vMQMXamFVMjMP6npWyCP8gP3RtfdwKse.png)

In other words, e<sup>iπ</sup> is just a rotation matrix that rotates a vector by 180 degrees. 

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/mes/23tw9kF8mBNVtNJWQ3mn3a15AJqawHX8PGwtiVMSouRMCDk1EWMExbPEnp5oMTARzihRX.png)

---

## Applications to Other Fields

Since complex numbers are applied to many different fields in mathematics and physics, including electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, reinterpreting such equations as rotational matrices may provide unique insights!

Try investigating yourself and let me know what you discover!

Finally, we covered 2D rotational matrices, but the concept is similar when dealing with 3D, which is something I may cover in future videos, so stay tuned.