<div class="text-justify">Hello, great steemians!<br><br>

I welcome you once again to my blog. I appreciate your contributions and support so far. I'm glad to be back writing a STEM-related post after some days of poetry. Forgive the diverse nature of my blog, I had to finish up a poetry challenge I entered a long while ago. Well, you could treat yourself to some lines if you don't mind, you might find it interesting.

Today, I will be revisiting my hood, Engineering - specifically a very important topic in Production Engineering.

Some days ago, I spoke about my experience at a workshop I visited where they had quite an impressive number of machines in their compact layout. The only problem I noted was the lack of a functioning Maintenance routine which left them with more than half non-functioning machines lying in the workshop. Most of them are crying from the attack of corrosion as they look rusty.

In this [post](https://steemit.com/stemng/@mrbreeziewrites/maintenance-as-the-backbone-of-our-machine-s-operational-lifespan), I explained in details the meaning of Maintenance from a production engineer's perspective and as well the reasons why we need to have a maintenance routine in place if we are to cut down losses resulting from lack of maintenance on our machines.

I was able to explain that maintenance isn't just about "repair" as many understand it but rather a comprehensive activity that either help restore a facility to an acceptable working condition or help retain the facility in a good working condition.

An important aspect that I talked about which will form the basis of my discussion of today are the forms of Maintenance that a production engineer can employ on his facilities. I mentioned that he can either practice a planned or an unplanned maintenance routine.

I highlighted the types of Unplanned Maintenance which could prove economical in the initial stages as costs related to setting up a prior maintenance schedule would be eliminated. However, on a long run, when there are breakdowns and delays, the recurred costs may be way higher as compared to what was initially saved.

Today, my focus would be on the various types of planned Maintenance routine which is the backbone of the industries of today.

<strong>Haven't we wondered how those big machines and equipment of various industries stay in operation for a long time with minimal failure?</strong>

<strong>Don't you ever imagine the big loss that would be incurred if any of them just suddenly breakdown with no or less recovery alternative in place?</strong>

Well, I believe they are only able to keep up because their maintenance department isn't on a codeine diet.

<strong>What? Codeine?</strong>

Forgive me, I only meant that the maintenance department isn't on a "slow" but rather active and up to their task.

So, stay with me as I explain the concepts of planned maintenance and its relevance to the developing industrial world of today.

<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmVKVrG5GAXJQHvNYBvP7mLkFoc69fjpYkx6QYCTgnBd3T/Webp.net-resizeimage%20(2).png" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Corroded Lathe Machine - <a href="https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1077947">Pxhere Creative Commons CC0</a></sup></sup></center>


Before I proceed, I will like to explain the concepts of Planned Maintenance as related to production engineering.

> A Planned Maintenance routine is a comprehensive activity that includes monitoring and controlling activities enabled with the use of sensors and other monitoring means to ensure that a facility operates at a good and acceptable working condition. 

> The processes employed in planned maintenance involves an intentional monitoring, scheduled maintenance routines, and condition monitoring techniques so as to prevent any breakdown or failure in the system

Now that we are familiar with what planned maintenance really entails. I'll like to outline to us the need to consider planned maintenance over the unplanned maintenance.

<h1>So, why adopt Planned Maintenance?</h1>

In the previous post, I highlighted the main advantages of unplanned maintenance to be majorly initial reservation of resources such as time and cost that maintenance will take. The view from unplanned maintenance is that we would save money if we wait on the machine to deteriorate to some extent after use rather than planting a maintenance equipment right from day one when it is still considerably new. The view is that during that period when the facility is quite new, the maintenance facility employed is just a waste of resources.

But, you'll agree with me that on a long run, when this facility begins to fail, it would be difficult to measure the rate of failure, parts that need more attention and of course, big shutdown might be impending and in the end, more time and cost will be needed to save the hullabaloo.

So, a planned maintenance routine would prove more useful and significant for facilities in that:

+ It saves us from the scenario of emergency shutdown and delay in production
+ It assures that our machine is operated in the allowable range of operational condition
+ It keeps the maintenance engineer busy and in that way, we wouldn't be losing money on an inactive workforce
+ It saves us from the exorbitant carrying cost that comes with inventory stocking of spare parts for the sake of emergency breakdown
+ It saves us from the loss in production level that may arise from breakdown to a critical machine.

Enough of the "why"..I'm not here to advertise. Let's move to the HOW's - the different ways of implementing planned maintenance.

<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSJFCmiPGGtTrvw93vM77RZsA56t47xh9DbFpbqJxfgoA/n345bdw1tixa4fk7lush.png</center>

<h1>So, what are the types of Planned Maintenance available to a Production Engineer</h1>
There are various ways by which planned maintenance can be implemented. There is time-based, condition based and combined maintenance available to a production engineer. The decision on which he uses is based on the type of facility and industry they exist as cost and many other factors determines which maintenance technique an industry should adopt.

So, let's talk about the various maintenance techniques we have.

<h2>Preventive Maintenance</h2>
This type of maintenance is a time-based maintenance(TBM) that focuses on using a scheduled interval of performing maintenance on the facilities. Here, after a predefined time, say, after a machine run time, a calendar time or a custom defined schedule, the machine is subjected to some maintenance activities.

This could be a daily cleaning, re-oiling, re-tightening of fasteners or other simple activities that can help keep a facility in good working conditions. The maintenance is also based on usage as much as it is based on time. One of the examples of common preventive maintenance near us is the servicing of our Air- conditioners.

<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Air_Conditioning_Installations_Service_Houston.jpg" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Air Conditioner Servicing - <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Conditioning_Installations_Service_Houston.jpg" >Wikimedia Creative Commons  CC-BY-SA-4.0 [Authored by JDCooling]</a></sup></sup></center></div>I once had an internship program with an HVAC company and I participated in many maintenances works on various types of Air-conditioners based on a maintenance schedule. 
<br><br>
Before the end of my training, I had two maintenance sessions with a particular company which was one of our clients. We helped them service their Air-conditioner within a 3 months intervals.
<br><br>
Another common Preventive maintenance we do is on our cars, where we do change the lubricating oil after a specified or recommended time by the manufacturers. Small generator owners practice a preventive maintenance based on usage. After a long use of the generator, it is required of the owner to do some servicing on it to prevent a major breakdown of the generator. 
<br><br>
If we keep looking around, we would see a lot of preventive type of maintenances which we perform on some regular interval. The main aim of Preventive maintenance is to help prevent any sudden failure. Such interval-based checks and maintenance ensures fewer breakdown and help increase the lifespan of facilities.
<br><br>
As important as this technique might look, we have to be sure it is the best choice for our facilities as it might actually be a waste of money and other resources for some scenario (or equipment). Hence, a production engineer needs to mind the applications with which he employs this type of maintenance.

<h3>So, what are the Suitable and Unsuitable applications of Preventive Maintenance technique?</h3>

The major decider here is cost. We have to be certain that the application we deploy this technique is actually cost-effective before adopting it.

Preventive maintenance is best suited to applications whereby there is a high likelihood of failure with increasing use. That is a facility that has critical operating functions. Here, preventive maintenance would help extend the facility lifespan as it would prevent failure of a part through regular and scheduled maintenance. Thus, such facility must be one with which the failure mode can be improved or prevented through maintenance.

On the other hand, it is not advisable to employ preventive maintenance of facilities that have a random failure mode especially failure that doesn't have to do with lack of maintenance. Such case would definitely be a waste of resources and misutilization of manpower.

So, it is of great importance to analyze the need for a maintenance technique before adopting it.

<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSJFCmiPGGtTrvw93vM77RZsA56t47xh9DbFpbqJxfgoA/n345bdw1tixa4fk7lush.png</center>

<h2>Predictive Maintenance</h2>
<div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Population_of_Japan_since_1872.svg/320px-Population_of_Japan_since_1872.svg.png" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Forecasted Data - <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Population_of_Japan_since_1872.svg" >Wikimedia Creative Commons Public Domain</a></sup></sup></center></div>This is another type of planned maintenance that helps keep the big machines running with minimal fault. This is a more complex technique as compared to Preventive maintenance. 
<br><br>
It is a condition based maintenance (CBM) that analyzes the condition of parts of a facility through inspection and diagnosis, collect the data and predict when failure might occur in the system and then devise corrective means to prevent this failure from occurring.
<br><br>
The major advantage of this technique is that there would be reduced maintenance schedules as it would be based on the forecasted time of failure rather than a set scheduled interval of maintenance as in preventive maintenance. Its implication thus is reduced cost and time spent on maintenance even without impending failure detected. It saves us money and time, helps predict likely failure time (from data of course, not the Oracle).
<br><br>
The big task in this type of maintenance will then be the cost of setting up monitoring equipment, sensors and the eventual data analysis for prediction of failure of parts so as to carry out the corresponding corrective maintenance. Specialists, as well as special machines, are required to make this happen. Thus, the Production engineer must analyze the situation well before employing this technique.

<h3>So, what are the Suitable and Unsuitable applications of Predictive Maintenance technique?</h3>
Well, as in the preventive technique, we must be clear about the effectiveness and suitability of the applications that we decide to adopt a particular maintenance technique.

Majorly, this technique is a cost-driven technique for the level of technology it requires, so, the production engineer must ensure that it is adopted only in applications where failure will be cost-effective - that is, where regular maintenance isn't necessary. It should be an application where the machine doesn't have a critical operational function whereby deterioration of parts is highly inclined to the time of usage.

<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSJFCmiPGGtTrvw93vM77RZsA56t47xh9DbFpbqJxfgoA/n345bdw1tixa4fk7lush.png</center>

<center><h1>Now this is where it gets more interesting</h1></center>

<h2>Proactive Maintenance</h2>
This is quite an interesting maintenance technique that has an entirely different approach to maintenance of a facility. Unlike the preventive and predictive techniques that are based on usage time and condition of facilities respectively, proactive maintenance focus on the root causes of failure. It tends to analyze why failure actually occurs in a facility.

It analyzes failure and it roots causes to know how to not just correct the failure or predict a failure pattern, but to perform maintenance on the processes, methods, and manner of handling of such facility right before it is put into working. We can call it maintenance of the maintenance processes.

Proactive Maintenance will analyze a facility in terms of what it is made of, where it is of the standard quality required. It analyzes the human error, which could be a poorly fixed joint or failure to carry out recommended maintenance. It also analyzes the use time of a facility - whether it is within its specified limits.

All these are put together to detect why the machine fails and is being worked on from the base stage rather than performing reactive maintenance or condition-based maintenance later.

It could be a design pattern, a wrongly executed production process or use of fake materials that results in quick deterioration of the facility, hence, causing a breakdown. So, proactive maintenance, as the name implies is an early bird that makes a stitch in time.

This technique hence helps to not just prevent the need for maintenance but to also help extend the wear-out age of the facility, thus, increasing its lifespan. 

<h3>What Opportunities does the Proactive Maintenance bring to the table?</h3>
Well, without mincing words, we would agree that the proactive maintenance technique will be more favorable for an industry on a long run. It will help eliminate the need for scheduled maintenance which could be tedious and costly in a long run. It also helps to reduce the big money that would be used on facility monitoring the condition of a facility in the predictive technique.

So, basically, what the Proactive maintenance technique brings to the table is a general reduction in the cost of maintenance. It cut down costs related to the reactive or preventive methods of maintenance. Man-power and other maintenance resources are also saved and can be used in another aspect of production.

<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSJFCmiPGGtTrvw93vM77RZsA56t47xh9DbFpbqJxfgoA/n345bdw1tixa4fk7lush.png</center>

<h3>What's the next step?</h3>

After knowing the techniques to adapt to maintain our machines, what else do we need to know? I bet it is the <strong>types of failure or failure pattern</strong> possible, is the best option. This enables the production engineer to know the best way to approach the situation and decide which of the technique is more suitable.

As reported from a study by [Nolan and Heap](http://www.assetinsights.net/Glossary/G_Nolan-and-Heap_Curves.html) on an airline industry in 1978 where they described six possible failure pattern. It was noted that a large part of failure witnessed in a facility is usually <strong>a random one</strong> rather than <strong>dependent on the age and rate of use of the facility</strong> like we would expect.

<h4>The Failure Patterns</h4>
As reported, the common failure patterns that are possible in a system are:

+  Bathtub Curve
+ Wear Out Curve
+ Fatigue Curve
+ Initial Break-In Curve
+ Random Pattern
+ Infant Mortality Curve

<div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmZBHDgtw6qEXJNGxz3VfyGMxtmjnkYKnBnKZS5HJWT5sv/Bathtub%20curve.PNG" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Bathtub Curve - by @mrbreeziewrites</sup></sup></center></div>The <strong>Bathtub Curve</strong> is one of the known failure patterns that exists for a facility. This is usually described in three stages of the facility lifespan. 
<br><br>
The bathtub curve initial stage describes a high probability of failure in the <strong>infant mortality stage</strong> when the facility is quite new. Failure here is usually due to manufacturing error, improper testing before use or use of low-quality materials. So, the failure rate is usually high before dropping as the usage increases. 
<br><br>
This is followed, in the curve, by the <strong>Useful life period</strong> of the material that is usually characterized by a constant failure rate. Here, the facility witnesses the lowest failure probability and forms the main period where the functions of the facility are best enjoyed. 
<br><br>
Followed by it in the curve is the <strong>Wear out Period</strong> which represents the later days of the facility usage. It is another point when the facility witnesses a progressive failure pattern owing to the wear out from usage.
<br><br>

> The Bathtub Curve accounts for approximately 4% of failure witnessed in a facility

<br>
<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmQnCzy26hoGQMTuXyfRYsTnrqynhiw8rJU9EmWQMHqM3N/Wear%20out%20curve.PNG" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Wear Out Curve - by @mrbreeziewrites</sup></sup></center></div>The <strong>Wear Out Curve</strong> is another failure pattern that describes how failure occurs in a facility. 
<br><br>
This is characterized by two stages which are - a steady or constant failure rate stage whereby the facility witnesses a very low failure rate as it is considered new and less susceptible to failure.
<br><br>
This is followed by the wear out stage which represents the later days of the facility where failure increases progressively as a result of old age and wear out.
<br><br>

> The Wear Out Curve accounts for approximately 2% of failure witnessed in a facility

<br>
<div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmWi8sctiNHrnwsEhBCavyL8HLKiN8HjTdTiueY9wC6azM/Fatigue%20curve.PNG" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Fatigue Curve - by @mrbreeziewrites</sup></sup></center></div>The <strong>Fatigue Curve</strong> is a failure pattern characterized by an initial low-level failure rate followed by an increasing or sharp failure rate owing to old age of the facility. 
<br><br>
This is usually represented in a linear and positively increasing graph showing the transition of the failure from a low-level stage to a gradually increasing high-level failure rate.
<br><br>

> The Fatigue Curve accounts for approximately 5% of failure witnessed in a facility

<br>
<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmSRScC5XfftKj1tMmTVNiaX2CTXAsT7HVAEBgy5861tWw/Initial%20Break-in%20curve.PNG" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Initial Break-in Curve - by @mrbreeziewrites</sup></sup></center></div>The <strong>Initial Break-in Curve</strong> is a failure pattern that has a reduced failure rate at the initial stage of operation followed by a sharp increase then a constant failure rate, with low failure risk till the end of its operation. 
<br><br>
The initial stage is usually a steep curve of low failure then a high jump before a constant rate of failure is reached.
<br><br>

> The Initial Break-in Curve accounts for approximately 7% of failure witnessed in a facility

<br>
<div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmWS4pqpXnyzsoDBbsiQ5mnuGPgEBqmDNAjyTGSiXmeniu/random%20failure%20pattern.PNG" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Random Pattern - by @mrbreeziewrites</sup></sup></center></div>The <strong>Random Pattern</strong> is a failure pattern that is characterized purely by a constant failure rate with no recognized increasing or decreasing failure stage. 
<br><br>
Here, failure can occur at any stage of the facility lifespan.
<br><br>

> The Random Pattern accounts for approximately 11% of failure witnessed in a facility

<br>
<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmdLgwhbPAFZhi8apBcptmq2AR4F1LXtf147gqJumFhhDR/infant%20mortality%20curve.PNG" /><br/><br/><sup><sup>Infant Mortality Curve - by @mrbreeziewrites</sup></sup></center></div>The <strong>Infant Mortality Curve</strong> is the last failure pattern described as an opposite to the wear-out curve. 
<br/><br/>
It is characterized by an initially sharp failure rate when it is still quite new owing to some design error or installation error followed by a constant (or random) failure pattern throughout the remaining lifespan of the facility.
<br/><br/>

> The Infant mortality curve accounts for approximately 68% of failure witnessed in a facility

<br>
In summary, we would see that failure in a facility can be grouped into three different headings which are; 
+ Age-related failures
+ Random failures
+ and Infant Mortality failures

So, all the Production Engineer need do is to understand which of this failure pattern is most likely to face his facilities so as to know the appropriate maintenance technique to favor at the expense of others.

<h3>Ok, I wouldn't be selfish, I'll tell us the Maintenance technique to pick for each kind of failure that exists</h3>

For Age-related failures, which are usually a result of erosion, wear or corrosion attack as the usage increases, the best maintenance techniques to keep a facility in good condition are the fixed time maintenance (say Preventive Maintenance) that includes basic cleaning and oiling,  replacements, or overhauling of some parts. This will help extend the life of such facility which is susceptible to an age-related failure.

For Random failures which can't be predicted or based on a particular usage time, maintenance techniques which would detect such failure through monitoring would best suit. Some specific failure must be monitored using predictive or condition-based equipment so as to detect and diagnose the equipment for failure and corrective means are applied. Here, predictive or condition-based maintenance is best suited for this kind of failures.

For Infant Mortality failures, which accounts for the majority of failure existing, failure need not be predicted or prevented through fixed time maintenance but rather, a root failure cause must be corrected. The infant mortality failure is a function of either improper installation, below standard material usage or other design error which can be fixed before being put in operation.

When all these initial problems are eliminated, the probability of failure is greatly reduced leaving us with a facility with a constant failure rate after the elimination of the high infant mortality failure stage that existed for the facility.

<h2>So, that's it, we have our full aid in choosing a suiting maintenance technique for our facilities as related to the failure pattern inclined to it</h2>

<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSJFCmiPGGtTrvw93vM77RZsA56t47xh9DbFpbqJxfgoA/n345bdw1tixa4fk7lush.png</center>

<h1>CONCLUSION</h1>

Maintenance is undoubtedly the backbone of the industries of today. Without maintenance, many machines that enhance work for us wouldn't stay too long in operation leaving us with a constant breakdown and big loss in production level.

We have witnessed a great aspect of Production Engineering together, in terms of Planned Maintenance techniques which is the most practiced maintenance type in industries as compared to unplanned maintenance. With the failure patterns highlighted and the best suiting techniques for each failure pattern available to a Production Engineer, it shouldn't be hard for him to set up an effective Maintenance strategy for his facilities.

Thanks for your time. You're well appreciated.

<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSJFCmiPGGtTrvw93vM77RZsA56t47xh9DbFpbqJxfgoA/n345bdw1tixa4fk7lush.png</center>

<h1>REFERENCES</h1>

+ Ismaila, O. S., "Mechanical Maintenance". Lecture note for MCE509, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria

+ Adejuyigbe, S.B. (2002). "Production Management (Design, Planning, Implementation, and Control)". Topfun Publications, Akure, Nigeria

+ World Class Maintenance Management, Terry Wireman, Industrial Press Inc., 1990, pp. 7, 73.

+ [Fiix | Engineering Maintenance](https://www.fiixsoftware.com/maintenance-strategies/predictive-maintenance/)

+ [Eruditio | HP reliability - Living with failure patterns](https://hpreliability.com/living-with-the-6-failure-patterns/)

<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSJFCmiPGGtTrvw93vM77RZsA56t47xh9DbFpbqJxfgoA/n345bdw1tixa4fk7lush.png</center>

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