This week episode on the extinct will feature a bird which was once known as a beauty amongst birds, their black and white colouration and fearless nature earned them the position as religious symbols. How did such a beautiful creature turn out to now be listed amongst the extinct, lets find out on The Extinct #4
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![The Great Auk](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRPW53LWMftXhoyUTWhaPFMi8MAhBaHCwYersYEsEF35v/gralk.jpg)[The Great Auk](http://www.riawinters.com/wildlife/greatauk.html)</center>

## Description 

An adult of this bird species when standing measures about  75cm-85cm tall and it's weight is about  5kg with a wing length of about 15cm.The great auk was known to be a flightless bird.  The male and female great awk are similar though they can be differentiated by their size mostly with regards to the femur and bill length. 

<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmRF1YVFHVRTU3mayAcHxdN6qbtvkG1jiEUgZDibcXLsG1/images.jpg" /><br/><em><a href=" https://www-telegraph-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/ii/w680/www.telegraph.co.uk/content/dam/science/2016/08/19/great_auk-xxlarge_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq47yQTQtFVQSsa7Qd7Xcr07qvOVDKL8deB9MmqbBq9Cs.jpg ">The Great Auk</a></em></center></div>

For their breeding plumage,  They are seen to have an upper part with black colouration; this colouration ranges from its head, wings, throat and tail. 

The under part of the great auk has a white colouration which ranges through its belly, undertail and its belly.  On the edge of its wing,  it was known to have a  white colouration which is visible even at the closure of its wings. Viewing from the front,  a white area is noticed just in front of each eye. 

Its bill was robust and black with a rigid nature, and its gape was known to be bright yellow.  They were known for brown eye colour and webbed feet which were quite large, strong black and had placement a bit back on its body giving them good swimming and diving ability. 
<div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://i.pinimg.com/236x/ce/7b/81/ce7b815727d062cd28476f96515d233c--great-auk-skeletons.jpg"/><br/><em><a href="https://i.pinimg.com/236x/ce/7b/81/ce7b815727d062cd28476f96515d233c--great-auk-skeletons.jpg">A view of their skeletal system </a></em></center></div>

The non-breeding plumage of the great auk is seen to ditch the white patch located in front of that of the breeding plumage, and it's being replaced by a band and row of feathers coloured white. The male in this plumage was noticed to be similar to the females with a little size difference. 


A juvenile great auk was known to have a bill less rigid than that of an adult, it's supposed black neck for the adult was known to be mottled white in colour,  the white area at the front of the eye for the adult was not seen but an eye line which colours Grey extending below its ears. 

## Where They Were Found 

They were found breeding on islands in the Atlantic. They were found in Greenland, British Islands, Iceland, France, Spain, Canada, and France. 

The great awk migrate South from colonies after their breeding season to the Grand Banks in Newfoundland; Their bones were found far Florida and their range was also in Massachusetts

## Feeding

They were known to eat in shallow water, and they feed mainly on fish. 
<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmavkJVVePiWYbfJvmbfjRa441YW8Eau9ZVhratRFqYpAb/grand.pingouin.jogo.0g.jpg" /><br/><em><a href="http://www.oiseaux.net/photos/john.gould/images/grand.pingouin.jogo.0g.jpg">The great auk feeding on a fish</a></em></center></div>
According to findings of remains on Funk Island and ecological consideration, the Capelin and Atlantic menhaden was a favoured prey.

Fishes suggested as prey were lumpsuckers, cods, Southern sculpins crustaceans and sand Lance.
Young ones were believed to feed on plankton and some fishes which were regurgitated by the adults. 



## Their Behaviors

They were not observed by scientists when they were in existence; their behaviour was described on layman's account which includes accounts by sailors. Also, much of its characters may be inferred from its relative,  the razorbill and its remaining tissues. 

 <div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmbX1tB9chKFMnPjswm9vqP3EM6LD6sz77XEXzboZKo9Ae/GreatAuk_Cory_BeautifulCuriousBirds1881.jpg" /><br/><em><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Ixc1xIxRABU/S8Cwh46AwbI/AAAAAAAADSg/mor_IdJ3UDI/s1600/GreatAuk_Cory_BeautifulCuriousBirds1881.jpg">An art on the great auk,</a></em></center></div>

They were known to walk slowly on land, and when running, it was awkward in short steps and known to be in a straight line. They were known to have few predators which include the White-tailed Eagle and the orca with the polar bear preying on colonies when resting. 

They were known to have no fear of humans which contributed to their extinction. They make use of their bills aggressively mostly when humans caught them. It was believed they had a lifespan of about 20-25 years. They were known to have a fear of noise but are less frightened seeing something or someone. The great auk was known to be a good swimmer as they use their wings for propulsion when swimming underwater. 

They were known to take dives into the water as deep as 1km. They can hold their breath for quite some time under water; they can also accelerate under water.  

## Reproduction  In The Great Auks

Since they were not observed to an extent by historians, breeding behaviour can be somewhat not reliable but history tells that they begin to pair for breeding in early or mid period of May which follow nesting at cliff base usually in colonies 

<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmZoPwfgkDQ8C9BRieNpdSopuFLgpcUaRoUcTRBrfJvRAk/4aukga.JPG" /><br/><em><a href="http://www.taxidermy4cash.com/4aukga.JPG">What their egg look like</a></em></center></div>

One egg comes from the mating between each pair which was known to be laid from the shore and on a bare ground 

Its egg was recorded to be elongate and ovate with regards to shape; they were known to range from yellowish white down to ochre and pattern of brown, black or grey spots which are congregated on the on one end of the egg.  The belief was that the difference between eggs helps parents recognise theirs in the colony. 

Both parents take turns to incubate the egg till it hatches, that is for about  39-44 days. They also bear the burden of feeding the chick together.  After two to three weeks, the young bird leaves the land and head for the water. The Great auk mature sexually after 4-7 years. 

## HOW THEY WENT EXTINCT
Many factors contributed to the extinction of this bird. The fact that they lay only a single egg did not help against exploitation. Hunting by humans was a major factor which contributed to their extinction. The great auk was used as an important part of the Native American culture which includes use as symbolic items and food source 

<div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmdVnNDEMAvVGVoTMBbcgpGoNas3hmt9juPcSNzEQ8N7LN/Great%20Auk.jpg"/><br/><em><a href="http://www.avibirds.com/extinct/CHARADRIIFORMES/ALCIDAE/Great%20Auk.jpg">They were used as religious symbols</a></em></center></div>

The early explorers use this auk not only as a food source but also as bait for fishing which reduced it's number further. 

They received their protection in 1794 from Great Britain to stop the killing of this bird for its feather, but the use of bait was permitted which further led to their decrease. 

Also, museum desired their skin for display and preservation and began collecting them from their colonies. Allerged last pair of this bird were killed on 3rd June 1835 by the request of a merchant for a specimen of this bird, they were found incubating their egg, and the adults were strangled, and eggs smashed with the boot. 

## WE FAILED THE GREAT AUK, BUT THERE IS HOPE FOR THE GIANT IBIS
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![https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/11/30/5d/32/giant-ibis-at-tmatboey.jpg](https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/11/30/5d/32/giant-ibis-at-tmatboey.jpg) 
[Source: The Giant Ibis](https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/11/30/5d/32/giant-ibis-at-tmatboey.jpg)</center>

This is a very majestic bird and is now amongst the most endangered birds in the world. They are native to wide rivers, seasonal waters and marshes with few of them in the southern part of Laos. 

They can stand up to 1 meter tall, weighing around 4 kilograms. An estimation States that only a hundred of this bird is currently in our world 

The main cause of them being endangered is the use of wetlands for cultivation purposes and the deforestation of forests. They are also affected by the increase in human population in Cambodia hence the need for more space. They may also be used as meat by humans, not being able to witstand predation led to their low population. 
<div class="pull-left"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmQgFuWfBWbMwFcfaGz9jsojD64zq1YtDtizUkcYZvMiye/ibis.geant.hegr.0g.jpg"/><br/><em><a href="http://www.oiseaux.net/photos/henrik.gronvold/images/ibis.geant.hegr.0g.jpg">An art of the Giant Ibis</a></em></center></div>

Also, climatic changes have also affected this bird affecting their habitat for breeding. 

Conservative measures have been put in place which includes protection of their nest with metal belts which prevent their predators from having access to them, but the continued increase in human population remains a big factor to the endangerment of the great ibis. 
 
To conserve this species, we must implement increased ecotourism and education of the locals on the near extinction of this bird to help them survive just like some other animals had. 

## My Stand

Loss of the Great Awk was a huge loss to the Animal Kingdom, it's sad we now have to only read about them and see pictures of them in artworks and musuems. Just like seen, their extinction was mainly due to human activities,  I read a story of how three men from St. Kilda saw this bird when sailing the sea,they noticed it's little wings and white spots on its head, the sight caught then and they decided to keep it alive on their boat, this happened for three days until they were faced by a heavy storm, with the belief that this flightless bird was the cause of the storm, (a witch they tagged it) they killed it by beating with a stick till death, how cruel men can be. Below is a tribute video to them.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CsWEmiKERg
<center>[Source: Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CsWEmiKERg)</center>

Above is an endangered bird, know to be amongst the most endangered birds in the world,the Great Ibis, there is a need for conservation of this bird,  though they are now receiving a sort of protection by law, we have to put more effort to make sure they see generations to come, starting with educating the public about them. 

<div class="pull-right"><center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmVbW36rUs9aokyZzDMqMK8eTuyFPAGZEYsmYPipzq9J6b/U5dsF6S3Ln8P1cJYHJZZHSUKfJvjPGX_1680x8400.jpg"/><br/><em><a href="https://steemitimages.com/0x0/http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9ite07DNB40/UA1WmxMGSVI/AAAAAAAAFT0/m2_MrOyvoE4/s1600/Caribbean+monk+seal+3.JPG">Caribbean monk seal</a></em></center></div>

### Have you seen other episodes of this series?

[The Caribbean Monk Seal](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-3-the-caribbean-monk-seal)
[Passenger Pigeon](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-2-the-passenger-pigeon)
[The West African Black Rhinoceros](https://steemit.com/animals/@preciousdave/the-extinct-1-the-west-african-black-rhinoceros)

<b>REFRENCE</b>

[The Great auk, extinct](http://johnjames.audubon.org/extinction-great-auk)
[About The Great Auk](http://www.polarlife.ca/organisms/birds/marine/puffins/greatauk.htm)
[General Information Of The Great Auk](http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pinguinus_impennis/)
### The extinct series is aimed at educating the steemit community on how we lost some wonders of the animal world so as to build in our generation the need for conservation of wildlife in ways necessary.