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Biosynthesis of cannabinoids in yeast by psyceratopsb

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· @psyceratopsb ·
$19.53
Biosynthesis of cannabinoids in yeast
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Yeast may be used in other areas of industry rather than only for production of food and alcohol; soon we might use it to “get high” or create medicine based on THC, CBD and other cannabinoids that are hard to extract from plant as they are found in small quantities. Key to this lies in a small fungus better known as “brewer’s yeast” or *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*. 

Prohibition on Marijuana and THC limited number of scientific researches on this subject, availability of these substances is small as they are found in traces when it comes to natural production in plants; massive production of Cannabis plants requires the use of pesticides and fertilizers additionally damaging the environment. This is why these new findings of GM (genetically modified) yeast might help in therapeutic, medicinal and environmental friendly research, also cannabinoids may be produced in bigger batches that might cause number of researches to rise. Yeast feeds only on sugar so this type of production is cheap as well.


Jay Keasling, a UC Berkeley professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and of bioengineering and a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory said:
> "For the consumer, the benefits are high-quality, low-cost CBD and THC: you get exactly what you want from yeast… It is a safer, more environmentally friendly way to produce cannabinoids."

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**What  is the connection between cannabis and yeast?**
With the development of Genetic engineering (GE) and Genetic modification (GM) scientists have been able to modify yeast and it genes; where new type of GE yeast now contains same genes as ones found in cannabis. These types of researches are not new. Previous studies have been conducted and published on this subject. [Engineering yeasts as platform organisms for cannabinoid biosynthesis.]( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165617315201?via%3Dihub) and [Production of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid from cannabigerolic acid…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25994576?dopt=Abstract)are some of them, but this is the first study that has complete biosynthesis explained; findings were published in [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00714-9#ref-CR1) by Keasling, the Philomathia Foundation Chair in Alternative Energy at Berkeley with his colleagues on 27th of February.

Cite from the [article](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00714-9#ref-CR1)
> Here we report the complete biosynthesis of the major cannabinoids cannabigerolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabidiolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid and cannabidivarinic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from the simple sugar galactose.

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**How does it work?**
Key is to *trick* its metabolism so that they for example, instead of turning sugar into alcohol, they convert sugar into other chemicals that are latter introduced to enzymes which turn them into other products like THCA which is then secreted as a liquid in surrounding. They ended up putting in more than ten types of genes into yeast; most of which were copies of genes used by the Cannabis plant to synthesize cannabinoids.
Issue found in the studies before and this one was that the enzyme that is crucial in making CBGA(Cannabigerolic acid) in marijuana plant did not work in yeast. Instead of finding a synthetic solution, Berkeley postdoc Leo d’Espaux and graduate student Jeff Wong have isolated prenyl transferase, enzyme found in Cannabis plant and putted it into yeast. (This step was the missing link, up until today) Easy part was to introduce enzyme that is going to transform CBGA into THCA and a different one to create CBDA. They also added enzymes to produce CBDV (cannabidivarin) and THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin), cannabinoids that are not that well documented whose effects are not that studied.


Interestingly, there are more benefits in this kind of production as yeast produces its own cannabinoids that are not found naturally  in the plant,  J. Keasling adds:
> “The possibility of new therapies based on novel cannabinoids: the rare ones that are nearly impossible to get from the plant, or the unnatural ones, which are impossible to get from the plant.” 

This type of yeast transforms fatty acids into cannabinoids, something that does not naturally occur. It is  basis for the production of unnatural and natural cannabinoids, it will cause more studies of these compounds to be done and expand the development of treating different human problems while keeping the environment less polluted on contrary to regular farming. This means that cannabinoid might join the list with other chemicals that are produced using yeast, human growth hormone and insulin are just some of them.


##### References:
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25994576?dopt=Abstract
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165617315201?via%3Dihub
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0978-9
* https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00714-9#ref-CR5
* https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/news/yeast-produce-low-cost-high-quality-cannabinoids





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vote details (927)
@blueeyes8960 ·
$0.14
Your very in-depth post about using yeast to produce cannabinoids is fascinating and informative.  I can see that this is an area that could definitely yield new and better ways to utilize the health benefits of cannabis.  I also didn't know that insulin was produced using yeast.  As a diabetic that takes insulin daily, that was an interesting fact.  And the fact that the yeast actually changes the cannabinoids by giving it properties it doesn't have on its own is also a basis for more uses and research.  Great article, I'm glad you posted under @powerhousecreatives "education" tag so that I found it!
👍  
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@psyceratopsb ·
It was my pleasure. Appreciate your words. Yeast is a new thing in production, as you can read from article. So much possibility, just need time and reaserch.
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@cubapl ·
hey @psyceratopsb,
thanks for this highly valuable article about the possible shape of the futuristic canna-industry. it is a fact, that growing and producing a good quality weed is an expensive operation which requires a lot of care and skills. yeast is less demanding in resources and care, providing at the same time similar product. I am curious when are we going to eat yeast to get stoned :)
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@psyceratopsb · (edited)
Exactly that my friend, what you just wrote.
👍  
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@curie ·
Congrats on a Curie vote!
Hi psyceratopsb,
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This post  has been upvoted by the Curie community curation project and associated vote trail as exceptional content (human curated and reviewed).  Have a great day :) <br>
 
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@felt.buzz ·
Wow! Fascinating stuff!

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@ferrate ·
I really learnt a lot about yeast today that I never knew. You have educated me a lot, and your whole write up was worth every second I spent on. You are good at what you do. Keep it up

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@psyceratopsb ·
Thank you for your kind words.
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@ferrate ·
You are welcome

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@jonsnow1983 ·
Quite interesting method to produce cannabis.
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@psyceratopsb ·
It actually produces compounds found in cannabis, not cannabis per se
👍  
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@cubapl ·
still allows you to get high, so for most of the people it will be "the same" ;-)
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@minnowsupport ·
<p>Congratulations!  This post has been upvoted from the communal account, @minnowsupport, by psyceratopsb from the Minnow Support Project. It's a witness project run by aggroed, ausbitbank, teamsteem, someguy123, neoxian, followbtcnews, and netuoso. The goal is to help Steemit grow by supporting Minnows.  Please find us at the <a href="https://discord.gg/HYj4yvw"> Peace, Abundance, and Liberty Network (PALnet) Discord Channel</a>.  It's a completely public and open space to all members of the Steemit community who voluntarily choose to be there.</p> <p>If you would like to delegate to the Minnow Support Project you can do so by clicking on the following links: <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=102530.639667%20VESTS">50SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=205303.639667%20VESTS">100SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=514303.639667%20VESTS">250SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=1025303.639667%20VESTS">500SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=2053030.639667%20VESTS">1000SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=10253030.639667%20VESTS">5000SP</a>. <br><strong>Be sure to leave at least 50SP undelegated on your account.</strong></p>
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@plantstoplanks ·
It always amazes me that people even think to test out things like this.  Cannabinoids in yeast?  Who would have thought.  Definitely an interesting topic, though, especially to have a low-cost option for more holistic CBD-based therapies available.
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@psyceratopsb ·
So true. Well, if you know the basics of enzymes you know what are your limits. Yeast produces for us other things like insulin as well...
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@ronel ·
This is a great study.
But still I prefer organic and natural.
Using technology and other chemicals will alter the pure content of plants.
And oftentimes have side effects related to use of technology and other chemicals for mass and long production.
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@psyceratopsb · (edited)
Why would you prefer "organic and natural"?

Is there really a need to be hooked up on terms that are only marketing tricks. For example why would organic insulin be any better than the one produced from yeast,when for the production or the yeast one we don't need to farm cows...?
Please have a read the full article and you will see why it is better and environment friendly. What chemicals are you talking about? You are just making up terms to shill it even though   you don't have any knowledge of experience In this field. By your analogy I should stop reading because it gives me ageing...
Product that has  positive effects, with so less negative is safe for usage.  Just use things in moderate quantities and do not exaggerate with other things and you'll be just fine. I do not fear GM food, I eat it. Nor do I fear vaccination, I drink from time to time coke as well as eating refined sugar and most people for me would say I'm fit and healthy. yeah, the doctors check the other day turns out I have 12% body fat...
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