Neuroprosthetics VS Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) by samminator

technology · @samminator · Apr 21 '18 (edited)

$78.10

Neuroprosthetics VS Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)

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<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>Over the years, there has been amazing advancement in the field of neuroscience; all thanks to emerging technology. But there are two closely related terms that have been grossly used interchangeably; especially by the uninitiated; and that is the "neuroprosthesis" and the "Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)". In this survey, we will be looking at the distinguishing factor between them and also their uses and applications.</p>
<p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/Ufjv5uG.jpg" width="316" height="480"/></p>
<p>[Image Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quintephone_brainwave_regen_poster_colour.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>. Author: Glogger. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> Licensed]</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>For clarity, I would briefly give an overview of both of them, then proceeding with their differences (though I would focus more on the neuroprosthesis).</p>
<h2>Overview of BCI</h2>
<p>The BCI is a branch of neuro-science that is concerned with the linking of the human brain with a computer or any other computational device, hence the name "brain-computer interface". This is also referred to as Human-Machine Interface (HMI), but for the purpose of this study, just the "BCI" would suffice, so as not to bore you with much terms.</p>
<p>Now, in the area of BCI, this technology leverages on the ability of the human brain to produce signals in form of electrical impulses. These electrical impulses can be detected by some special kind of machines and can be transmitted to a computer system to perform a specific function (I had once made a <a href="https://steemit.com/technology/@samminator/brain-computer-interface-and-brainternet-linking-biology-with-technology">post</a> on BCI, you can check out to fully understand this. I wouldn't bore us with vein repetitions).</p>
<p>But there's something I need to point out here: In most cases of the BCI, the artificial device (which could be in form of brain implant or wearable Electroencephalogram headgear) does not entirely replace the functionality of a weakened or damaged sensory organ as against the neuroprosthetics which we would see shortly. This means; the BCI may not necessarily come as a therapeutic remedy for a defective sensory organ. It can just be used to give command to the computer system with the thought (just look at it as a telepathic relationship between humans and machines). Though this does not rule off the fact that it can also find practical application in the controlling of Myoelectric prosthesis, but this is not part of this survey.</p>
<p>The &nbsp;BCI is achieved by means of connecting the human brain to the computer through the technology of neuralinks. This may include having a surgical implantation of the brain chip to link the brain to the computer or using a wearable EEG device. This also forms the types of BCI available currently:</p>
<ul>
  <li><strong>Non-Invasive BCI</strong>: This does not require any surgical intervention. An EEG headset would suffice. Which would detect the brain waves and signals as they are generated, and transmit them wirelessly to a computer system.</li>
  <li><strong>Partly-Invasive BCI</strong>: This requires surgical implantation of the brain chip, but outside the brain (though within the skull).</li>
  <li><strong>Fully-Invasive BCI</strong>: This kind is implanted directly inside the brain of the individual.</li>
</ul>
<p>So now we've seen a brief overview of the BCI, let us proceed to the neuroprosthetics</p>
<h2>Concept of neuroprosthetics</h2>
<p>For a better understanding, let us break the word into two: "<strong>Neuro</strong>" and "<strong>Prosthesis</strong>". Now you already have an idea of what I'm about saying. The term "neuro" has to do with the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the term "prosthesis" is used to describe an artificial or a bionic device which is used to replace any part of the body that has been lost or is dysfunctional.</p>
<p>Putting the above definition into a single whole, you can say that "neuroprosthetics" is an area of neuro-science that deal with the usage of mechanical devices to substitute the functionality of a defective sensory organ. This is just like saying that; neuroprosthetics is a form of therapeutic aid for people with defective biological functions.</p>
<p>Note this: <code>"neuroprosthetics" is the science behind this; while "neuroprosthesis" (plural: neuroprostheses) is the device itself.</code> And just like in the area of BCI, the neuroprosthesis is also connected to the brain. But unlike the BCI, the neuroprosthesis completely replaces the function of the targeted body part.</p>
<p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/v1dsLDR.jpg"/></p>
<p>[Image of neuroprosthetic system. Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_neuroprosthetic_system..gif">Wikimedia Commons</a>. Public Domain Licensed]</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>Here's a quick tip for you before I continue: <code>The BCI interconnects the brain with a computer device. But the neuroprosthesis links the neuron system to the bionic or myoelectric devices</code>.</p>
<p>There are many areas that the neuroprosthetics technology has found practical applications, and I would mention some of them; starting with the most popular.</p>
<h2>Cochlear Implant (CI) - Auditory prosthesis</h2>
<p>Yes! This is a neuroprosthesis, and it has brought hope to the deaf and those with some forms of hearing disabilities from around the world. This device is used to replace the functionality of the biological cochlear, stapes, and the ear drum.</p>
<p>Here's how it works: A set of microelectrodes are implanted around the auditory nerve of the person, and this is linked to a tiny externally placed hypersensitive microphone. The work of this microphone is to detect noise from the surrounding environment and converts them to auditory signals which can be processed and interpreted by the brain.</p>
<p>The components of the CI include: Sound processor, internal implant, external hypersensitive microphone, microelectrodes.</p>
<p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/7Ypaohh.jpg"/></p>
<p>[Image of Cochlear implant. Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cochlear_Implant_1.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>. By Shizhao. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> Licensed]</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>This sounds like a fairly new technology, but it might interest you to know that the cochlear implant has stuck for a while. As a matter of precision, the first true fully functional cochlear implant was credited to DR Williams House in the year 1961. So you see, it is not as new as you may think. Here's another tip for you: <code>The cochlear implant is the first attempt ever made by mankind to restore the functionality of any of the five sense organs in the human body</code>.</p>
<p>According to <a href="https://www.nidcd.nih.gov">NIDCD</a> (National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders), as at the year 2012, the total number of cochlear implants stood at a whopping 324,000 implants. So you see, this has been widely adopted as a therapeutic hearing aid.</p>
<h2>Retinal Implant - Visual prosthesis</h2>
<p>This is another form of neuroprosthesis that has shimmered rays of light on the path of people with defective eyesight (especially the ones that have to do with defects of the light-activated cells). The retinal implant recognized as the most advanced and also one of the newest is the <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_retinal_prosthesis">Argus II</a> (designed by the US Department of Energy, as a fulfilment of the agenda of one of their programmes; "Artificial Retinal project").</p>
<p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/dGDjLlX.jpg"/></p>
<p>[Image Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_Energy_-_Science_-_507_002_004_(9787698841).jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>. Author: US dept of energy. Public Domain Licensed]</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>How does this work? Actually, it has a similar mechanism with the cochlear implant, but the difference here is that a micro hypersensitive camera is used instead of a microphone. This camera picks up the images of objects from the surrounding, which is then converted to strings of light and dark pixels. These pixels are processed into electrical signals by a special receiver attached to the implant, which is then interpreted by the brain. Note: <code>This happens in split seconds</code>.</p>
<p>There are other neuroprosthesis like:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS)</li>
  <li>Pacemaker</li>
  <li>Bladder Control prosthesis</li>
  <li>Motor Prosthesis, etc</li>
</ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>We have seen the concept of the BCI and the neuroprosthetics, the advances being made in them, and also their differences. But one thing I would like to point out here is this: Both of them (BCI and neuroprosthetics) are just ways of linking biology with technology.</p>
<p><br></p>
<p><em><strong>Thanks for reading</strong></em></p>
<blockquote>References for further reading:</blockquote>
<ul>
  <li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics">Wikipedia/Neuroprosthetics</a></li>
  <li><a href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-computer-interface.htm">Brain Computer Interface</a></li>
  <li><a href="https://www.cochlear.com/au/home/understand/hearing-and-hl/hl-treatments/cochlear-implant">Cochlear Implant</a></li>
  <li><a href="https://www.fightingblindness.ie/cure/retinal-implant-technology/">Retinal Implant</a></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>All images are CC licensed and are linked to their sources</blockquote>
<p><img src="https://i.imgsafe.org/ae/ae9cc89fec.jpeg" width="239" height="164"/></p>
<p><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmf18V3PQenbUzYfkZcWSVGgmV5CtZNymi824SYwAQ2GTp/DQmf18V3PQenbUzYfkZcWSVGgmV5CtZNymi824SYwAQ2GTp.gif" width="1000" height="253"/></p>
<p>gif by @foundation</p>
</html>

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benleemusic	1,375,828,983	0.35%
raoul.poenar	141,271,048	1.79%
faithcalls	165,654,980	3.59%
sexygirl123	140,610,823	44.5%
rheyss08	193,308,174	44.5%
croctopus	340,851,510	32%
chimtivers96	370,547,909	7.19%
adejokeade	61,160,510	25%
steempeninsula	59,676,059	3.59%
ylich	109,622,633	5.75%
anyes2013	243,132,350	20%
jaycem	76,606,789	12.8%
positiveninja	1,056,720,688	3.59%
logic42	1,250,123,024	100%
phaazer1	124,787,747	3.59%
spederson	654,908,723	36%
jsf	237,462,519	7.19%
simplicitytech	119,189,024	20%
carloniere	103,914,700	44.5%
wa2qr	94,164,835	3.59%
rajonx	235,122,628	44.5%
pseudojew	621,943,557	40%
effofex	543,692,092	20%
wisdomdavid	1,050,789,914	100%
wirdayulahya	186,792,157	44.5%
count-antonio	101,064,197	20%
victorcovrig	70,468,025	1%
ayoade96	51,954,437	44.5%
de-stem	13,568,410,622	32%
agrestic	227,445,211	44.5%
ari16	123,223,926	20%
naijapidgin	1,605,445,928	70%
wealth4good	265,899,784	4.45%
xposed	2,042,678,413	10%
drqamranbashir	719,603,159	100%
davesmith	613,563,278	100%
chloroform	2,292,051,871	40%
vampirgarfield	86,830,216	44.5%
astis-brian	611,682,538	100%
vanessahampton	1,515,164,568	20%
zedpal	329,890,696	44.5%
etaletai	509,830,731	44.5%
simplewole	61,414,539	44.5%
temitayo-pelumi	942,208,234	40%
qberryfarms	119,134,278	3.59%
doctor-cog-diss	239,883,784	100%
alimirza0416	171,649,034	44.5%
iammitchell	196,013,699	44.5%
finite-clothings	70,364,931	13.35%
romanleopold	69,965,768	3.59%
niouton	774,211,660	2.87%
flyyingkiwi	602,098,177	100%
beautyinscience	119,439,878	20%
star-vc	304,632,161	40%
medicnet	199,062,363	40%
communityisyou	199,062,363	40%
promisearts	1,783,832,350	100%
smartfrend	198,679,933	44.5%
baiivan	327,416,237	100%
dotman-art	171,211,040	44.5%
pharao20	125,724,840	44.5%
biomimi	220,267,082	40%
funster	165,569,103	32%
karinquintero	392,962,166	71.2%
steem.curator	690,078,103	2%

`author`	sanjoy22
`permlink`	re-samminator-neuroprosthetics-vs-brain-computer-interface-bci-20180421t184641010z
`category`	technology
`json_metadata`	{"tags":["technology"],"users":["samminator"],"app":"steemit/0.1"}
`created`	2018-04-21 18:46:48
`last_update`	2018-04-21 18:46:48
`depth`	1
`children`	1
`last_payout`	2018-04-28 18:46:48
`cashout_time`	1969-12-31 23:59:59
`total_payout_value`	0.000 HBD
`curator_payout_value`	0.000 HBD
`pending_payout_value`	0.000 HBD
`promoted`	0.000 HBD
`body_length`	682
`author_reputation`	285,915,584,994
`root_title`	"Neuroprosthetics VS Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)"
`beneficiaries`	`[]`
`max_accepted_payout`	1,000,000.000 HBD
`percent_hbd`	10,000
`post_id`	51,356,689
`net_rshares`	1,793,560,338
`author_curate_reward`	""