Typography – Part 1: The Evolution and Origin of Typefaces. by sascha

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typography · @sascha · Aug 16 '16 (edited)

$2,058.58

Typography – Part 1: The Evolution and Origin of Typefaces.

<html>
<p>Hey steemers!</p>
<p><br></p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/typo%202.png" width="1000" height="610"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>I'm really excited to talk about typography and fonts in general. It's a topic everyone of us deals with, every single day, at work, at home, wherever you are. It's all about fonts. You probably just don't care about it as much as I and other designers do :)</p>
<p>As a designer you should develop a <em>'personal relationship</em>' to fonts in general. Therefore you have to be clear about the meaning of the fonts. You're going to secure information, permanently. No doubt, the writing system is one of the most ingenious developments so far. It enables the language to be stored and makes it possible to transfer information from generation to generation.</p>
<p>It took thousands of years to get to the point where we are today. Back in times the writing system was sacred, especially for egyptians, they had 2 different types of symbols: one part destined for profane recordings, the other one for religious scriptures. Barely used back in time it's a common knowlegde and of common use today.</p>
<p>The writing system has basically one purpose: Communication. So a good readability is mandatory. Under the constraint of this factual requirement, fonts are being standardized, more and more. Aesthetic demands take a backseat sometimes. Today we find a huge variety of available fonts, older ones and new ones but they all have one thing in common: Each font has the power to add a personal and individual touch to the information, the single word, text or paragraph. Never underestimate the power of a font ! ::))</p>
<p>I thought a good start for this subject matter would be to take a look at the history.</p>
<p>Where did it all start?</p>
<p>We'll take a look at the different stages and explore how this (still) fascinating way of communication evolved. I'm actually using 'it' right now to show you where it came from. Just a bunch of little dark lines, curves and dots but so effective. The images you'll see are part of a private collection and are basically scans and of course some of them are not even reproducible today with modern fonts.</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>Here we go.</p>
<h1>1. The primary stages of typefaces</h1>
<p><strong>The Stone Age</strong><br>
<em><strong>Pictography</strong></em><br>
pre-historic cave art</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/1.png" width="1000" height="302"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>4000 before Christ<br>
</strong><em><strong>Sumerian Cuneiform writing</strong></em><br>
cuneiform / wedge-shaped pits in clay tablets;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/2.png" width="1000" height="355"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>4000 before Christ (parallel development with the sumerian cuneiform writing)<br>
</strong><em><strong>Egyptian hieroglyphics<br>
</strong></em>development of 'word-pictures' using symbolic and abstract signs/word-signs as well as syllable-signs; carved in stone, written on papyrus with a brush and carved in wood;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/3.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>2. The genesis of phonograms &amp; phonetic symbols</h1>
<p><strong>at about 1500 before Christ</strong><br>
<em><strong>Phoenician writing</strong></em><br>
further development of the phonetic syntax used by the egyptians; the creation of a pure consonant alphabet, the very first letter writing;</p>
<p><br></p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/4.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>around 1100 before Christ<br>
</strong><em><strong>Greek writing<br>
</strong></em>addition of vowels to the phoenician phonograms; reduction to a complete alphabet of 24 letters;<br>
the archetype of all occidental typefaces; the syntax of writing LTR (left to right) becomes accepted in general;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/5.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>around 1100 – 650 before Christ<br>
</strong><em><strong>Rune phonetics<br>
</strong></em>further development of the greek writings through the goths;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/6.png" width="1000" height="274"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>3. The roman capital scriptures</h1>
<p><strong>around 650 before Christ</strong><br>
<em><strong>Capitalis Monumentalis</strong></em><br>
carved in stone; adoption of the greek alphabet and beautification of the shapes; the template for the majusucles of the Renaissance-Antiqua;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/7.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>1st century after Christ<br>
</strong><em><strong>Capitalis Quadrata<br>
</strong></em>book typeface written with a reed pen or a broad brush on papyrus; quadratic basic design;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/8.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>2nd century after Christ<br>
</strong><em><strong>Capitalis Rustica</strong></em><strong><br>
</strong>written with a reed pen or a broad brush; faster writeable book typeface; deviation of the quadratic basic design; narrow letters;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/9.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>4. From majuscules to minuscules</h1>
<p><strong>4th century</strong><br>
<em><strong>Uncial</strong></em><br>
book typeface written with a pen; rounded shapes; a gradual transition to minuscules;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/10.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>4th century<br>
</strong><em><strong>Half-Uncial<br>
</strong></em>pen typeface; contracted letters with distinctively pronounced ascending letters and descenders; the evolution of a pure minuscule typeface is nearly finished for most of the letters / shapes;<br>
simultaneous development of the so called ‘national typefaces‘; a deformed non-uniform creation of 'fonts' caused by national individualism;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/11.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>5. A pure majuscules typeface</h1>
<p><strong>9th century</strong><br>
<em><strong>Carolingian Minuscule</strong></em><br>
the new unit scripture, created in the scriptorium of Charles the Great; Capitalis and Uncialis were used for columns and distinctions; separation of words with a larger space in between; the general development of our writing system was basically finished;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/12.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>6. Gothic fonts</h1>
<p><strong>12th century</strong><br>
<em><strong>Gothic Minuscule</strong></em><br>
the evolution of fonts is influenced by the gothic style; steep, narrow and broken shapes; creation of &nbsp;<em><strong>Textura</strong></em>, the most stringent gothic font; it's the paragon for Gutenberg's printings; majuscules were sparely used in books;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/13.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>14th century<br>
</strong><em><strong>Rotunda (Round-Gothic)</strong></em><br>
typeface of the gothic times in Italy; broader, rounder, more opened shapes as seen on the <strong>Textura</strong>, not so much broken; &nbsp;propagation in nothern countries; further development of the 'broken‘ fonts solely in Germany;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/14.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>7. German fonts</h1>
<p><strong>15th century after Christ</strong><br>
<em><strong>Schwabacher</strong></em><br>
created in the south of Germany under the influence of Rotunda; more rounded and open shapes compared to the stringent Textura; scripture of use for german folksy literature; lower case and upper case letters build a real unit;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/15.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>16th century after Christ<br>
</strong><em><strong>Fraktur<br>
</strong></em>refinement of the letters to more elegant, ornated and narrow letters; alternating use of rounded and broken shapes; embodiment of the german renaissance; influenced by Baroque; elimination of Schwabacher; german unit scripture until the 18th century; finalization of the development of broken fonts;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/16.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>8. The genesis of the Antiqua</h1>
<p><strong>14th century</strong><br>
<em><strong>Humanistic Antiqua</strong></em><br>
a huge influence on the creation of fonts by humanism; humanistic minuscule is made of the carolingian minuscule; capitals adopted from the roman Capitalis;<img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/17.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><strong>15th century<br>
</strong><em><strong>Early Medieval<br>
</strong></em>Venezian Renaissance-Antiqua;<br>
1470: completed Antiqua as a printing font by Nicolas Jenson; Venice<br>
1500: Aldus-Antiqua by Aldus Manutius, printer and publisher in Venice</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/18.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>at about 1540<br>
</strong><em><strong>Medieval<br>
</strong></em>French Renaissance-Antiqua; uniform and technically perfected design of the <em><strong>Garamond-Antiqua</strong></em> by the french <em><strong>Claude Garamond</strong></em>; the bottom example shows the <em>italic</em> version;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/19.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>9. The characteristics of copperplate prints / copper engravings</h1>
<p><strong>17th century<br>
'</strong><em><strong>Transition'-Antiqua</strong></em><br>
Pre-classicistic or Baroque-Antiqua; the characteristic style of the pen gets lost; the serifs are not so rounded anymore;</p>
<p>At the top: Original by Christoph van Dyck<br>
Beneath: different variations by Anton Janson (1668), William Caslon, England and John Baskerville, England (1750)</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/20.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>19th century<br>
'</strong><em><strong>Younger'-Antiqua</strong></em><br>
classicistic Antiqua; final breakthrough of the burin ductus; the handwriting like characteristics of the pen ductus are completely gone; strong vertical, fine horizontal lines and serifs; the transition to the serifs is no longer rounded; the center line of the roundings is vertically aligned;</p>
<p>Examples of fonts by Giambattista Bodoni (Italy), the family Didot, publishers and printers (France) and Justus Erich Walbaum (Germany)</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/21.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>10. Advertising and markup fonts</h1>
<p><strong>beginning of the 19th century<br>
</strong><em><strong>Egyptienne</strong></em><br>
The first serif-emphasizing Linear-Antiqua was created by Vincent Figgins, London</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/22.png" width="1000" height="220"/></p>
<p><em><strong>Clarendon</strong></em><strong><br>
</strong>serif-emphasizing Linear-Antiqua with softer shapes;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/23.png" width="1000" height="216"/></p>
<p><em><strong>Italienne</strong></em><strong><br>
</strong>variation of the serif-emphasizing Linear-Antiqua with enormously thick serifs;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/24.png" width="1000" height="252"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>beginning of the 19th century<br>
</strong><em><strong>Grotesque</strong></em><strong><br>
</strong>first sans-serif Linear-Antiqua by William Caslon IV, London; sans-serif fonts had a shadowy existence for a long time; today it's a widespread font in many variations;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/25.png" width="1000" height="500"/></p>
<p>==========================================================================</p>
<p><br></p>
<h1>11. Font variations of the 19th century</h1>
<p><strong>end of the 19th century<br>
O</strong><em><strong>rnament fonts</strong></em><br>
different variations of historic font faces; general loss of style and lack of style;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/26.png" width="1000" height="277"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>end of the 19th century<br>
</strong><em><strong>Decorative fonts<br>
</strong></em>strongly garnished fonts and squiggly form / shapes; the british handwriting font and some others survived until today;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/27.png" width="1000" height="290"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>at about 1900<br>
</strong><em><strong>Art Nouveau fonts<br>
</strong></em>fonts by the painter Otto Eckmann and the architect Peter Behrens; after a blooming period of 10 years those fonts disappeared;</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/28.png" width="1000" height="285"/></p>
<p><strong>1919 – 1933</strong><em><strong><br>
Bauhaus<br>
</strong></em>Institute of Science for architecture, art and handcrafting (until 1925 in Weimar, later Dessau)</p>
<p><img src="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/9200425/steemit/Typography/29.png" width="1000" height="283"/></p>
<p><br></p>
<p>So these are the cornerstones of the ‘written language‘ as we know it. Now you will ask "What happened between the early 1930‘s and now? 80 years have passed by!"</p>
<p>What you see here is the basis. The fonts we have today, the fonts I love to use every day are derived from these crucial developments.&nbsp;</p>
<p>... to be continued</p>
<p><br></p>
</html>

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@aizensou · Aug 16 '16

Interesting history. I recall how Steve Jobs told the world about his story of learning typography instead of other classes.

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Very cool, I didn't know he said it! :)

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@beowulfoflegend · Aug 16 '16

Absolutely awesome content, I love stuff like this!

Have you seen the documentary "Helvetica?" It's all about the font and how it's come to be absolutely everywhere in modern life since its creation. As a designer I'm sure you would be interested!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkoX0pEwSCw

👍 wildfamily

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

@beowulfoflegend, thank you so much! Awesome, Helvetica is my all time favourite, no doubt! I didn't watch the movie so far but definitely have to, the trailer looks promising! THANK YOU THANK YOU

👍 beowulfoflegend

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@beowulfoflegend · Aug 16 '16

You're very welcome! I hope you enjoy watching it as much as I did. It's fascinating and really entertaining!

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@bitbutter · Aug 16 '16

But hey, what happened between the early 1930‘s and now? 80 years have passed by!

Looking forward to the next part. I like reading stuff from people with an obvious passion for the subject.

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Hey @bitbutter! Coming soon! Thank you very much!

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@condra · Aug 16 '16

UPPED!! 
Yes yes! We need a whole lot more graphic design up in heeaw

👍 moonjelly

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Thank you! In the works ..::))

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@efrageek · Aug 16 '16

Well, I had never read about this, it is a very interesting topic. I want to ask something, especially in medieval times, influenced the Arabic typography in western typography?

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@fairytalelife · Aug 16 '16

Now there's something you won't see every day. Time for some type history! As an illustrator, I find this post to be particularly fascinating. Thank you!

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Thank you very much @fairytalelife!

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@ghasemkiani · Aug 16 '16

Nice read.

👍 ulfa

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@innuendo · Aug 16 '16

Such an amazing post! 

The only concern I have is that it's very Western culture oriented. I'm sure written communication has been an important aspect all over the world.

Now I look forward to similar posts from other authors about other cultures: Chinese, Indian, Arabic etc.

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Hi @innuendo! Thank you very much! It is indeed ‘Western orientated‘. If someone wants to  talk about chinese, arabic or indian typography I'd love to see that as well! Great idea!

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@libertarianarts · Aug 16 '16

Fonts are definitely works of art, but more than that, they provide an almost meta-communication. A font can modify (ie, function as an adjective) the very word it's representing. Lovely post. Thank you for this.

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Thank you for your profound comment, great!

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@max-infeld · Aug 16 '16

Check out my fonts! We'll trade licensing and permission for Steem!   Www.tiny.cc/xerographer

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@mazi · Aug 16 '16

Amazing! This calligrapher is digging it! WOW!  Font on Steemers!!!

👍 brindleswan, mazi

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@meteor78 · Aug 16 '16

Nice to sharing typography,this is good for science  @sascha  thanks

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@moonjelly · Aug 16 '16

Amazing post, we need more design posts on Steemit and particular typography and other design related geek stuff!

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Hi @moonjelly! Thank you very much! Agreed, we need more !

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@mrosenquist · Aug 16 '16

$0.22

#12 Circa 2016 - Steemit plaintext font.  Simple interface with white background.  Became popular among the Internet nomads who traversed many topics and expressed many opinions, all in the search of elusive Steem, fortune, fame, and mental stability.

👍 innuendo, mrosenquist, marriedbear, ivp, mchavarriaot, opnmc

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

LOL, nice one!

👍 marriedbear

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@mydomain · Aug 16 '16

Very cool.  I've heard a lot of people discussing fonts, but never really paid attention to them before.   It is interesting to see how fonts have changed over the centuries.

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Yeah, it's truly fascinating to see how much love and dedication all the ‘creators' put into it. They don't get the credit they deserve. Some fonts are still very famous and used every day like the Garamond. It's more than 600 years old, that's crazy. Look at the fonts we use today, I doubt they'll still be used in 10 years, maybe not even in 5 years. The Garamond will be used throughout the ages.

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@n4t4h · Jul 11 '17

Your post is amazing... I'd like to resteem it, but I don't see the arrow.

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@oululahti · Aug 16 '16

Geiler Erfolg! Gratuliere!

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Vielen Dank @oululahti!

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@riscadox · Aug 16 '16

Um artigo muito interessante. Espero pelo próximo :)

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@tomkirkham · Aug 16 '16

I absolutely love fonts! I feel the personality in them.

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

$0.14

Hi @tomkirkham, so do I! Happy to share the same view!

👍 tomkirkham

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@twinner · Aug 16 '16

Well done, sascha!

You are on the way to become the first bavarian steem millionaire by blogging and not by investing :-)

Best Regards,
twinner

👍 twinner

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@sascha · Aug 16 '16

Hey @twinner! Thank you!

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@ulfa · Aug 16 '16

this article very long.
but this very good
good job @sascha

👍 ghasemkiani

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