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17-12-2024 - Computer Basics - Calculator, Central Processing Unit [EN]-[IT] by stefano.massari

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17-12-2024 - Computer Basics - Calculator, Central Processing Unit [EN]-[IT]

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/stefano.massari/Epxuf5ceux5epbbjTHhXUJtRrX2ckMkUQ5NRVKPm3wqHJzckg38ZmpqHtzURiRb4VeF.png)




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*~~~ La versione in italiano inizia subito dopo la versione in inglese ~~~*

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**ENGLISH**
**17-12-2024 - Computer Basics - Calculator, Central Processing Unit [EN]-[IT]**
With this post I would like to give a brief instruction on the topic mentioned in the subject
(code notes: X_89)

***Calculator, Central Processing Unit***
Below is a sketch of the hardware of a calculator where the central processing unit (CPU) is represented on the left

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/stefano.massari/23twA7QmU5czAzajAwgam7BfHtxcieCDYYPGUf23ygSRy9sm4SZeG4dDmS38fZFE9vEzL.png)

The central processing unit of a calculator (CPU - Central Processing Unit) is the heart of the computer, responsible for processing data and executing the instructions of a program. It performs mathematical, logical and control operations, coordinating all the other components of the computer system.
Below is a list of the main components of the CPU
-Control Unit (CU)
-Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
-Registers (Fast internal memories that store temporary data and intermediate results)
-System clock (clock): synchronizes operations with respect to a given frequency and is fundamental for CPUs.

Its operation can be described in summary through the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle. This cycle is divided into three parts.

1-Fetch: Instructions from main memory.
2-Decode: Interprets the instructions received.
3-Execute: Performs the requested operations.

The CPU fetches the instructions of a program from memory, interprets them through a decoding organ, executes them and transfers the data.

Here are some nuggets of knowledge regarding the operations of a computer control unit.

**01-Instruction Register**
In the instruction execution flow, the instruction to be executed is fetched from memory and written to the Instruction Register

**02-id fetch**
The id fetch phase corresponds to the instruction acquisition phase.

**03-Control unit**
Sending control signals on the bus for transfers is handled by the control unit

**04-The CPU**
The CPU is the central processing unit

**05-Clock pulses**
The frequency of the clock pulses determines the speed of execution of the CPU instructions

**06-The ALU**
The ALU is the arithmetic logic unit

**07-The Program Counter**
The PC Program Counter contains the address of the next instruction

**08-Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle**
The Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle is the flow of execution of instructions

**09-General CPU registers**
The general CPU registers are registers composed of 2, 4, or 8 bytes

**10-The access time of the CPU registers**
The access time of the CPU registers compared to those of the central memory is much lower

***Conclusions***
In summary, the CPU It is essential for data processing and the proper functioning of all computer applications and processes.

***Question***
Have you ever seen a computer's CPU?





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**[ITALIAN]**
**17-12-2024 - Basi di informatica - Calcolatore, unità centrale [EN]-[IT]**
Con questo post vorrei dare una breve istruzione a riguardo dell’argomento citato in oggetto
(code notes: X_89)

***Calcolatore, unità centrale***
Qui di seguito uno schizzo dell'hardware di un calcolatore dove a sinistra è rappresentata l'unità centrale (CPU)

![image.png](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/stefano.massari/23twA7QmU5czAzajAwgam7BfHtxcieCDYYPGUf23ygSRy9sm4SZeG4dDmS38fZFE9vEzL.png)

L'unità centrale di un calcolatore (CPU - Central Processing Unit) è il cuore del computer, responsabile dell'elaborazione dei dati e dell'esecuzione delle istruzioni di un programma. Svolge operazioni matematiche, logiche e di controllo, coordinando tutte le altre componenti del sistema informatico.
Qui di seguito l'elenco dei componenti principali della CPU
-Unità di Controllo (CU)
-Unità Aritmetico-Logica (ALU)
-Registri (Memorie interne veloci che immagazzinano dati temporanei e risultati intermedi)
-Orologio di sistema (clock): sincronizza le operazioni rispetto ad una data frequenza e rappresenta un fondamentale per le CPU.

Il suo funzionamento piò essere descritto in sintesi attraverso il ciclo Fetch-Decode-Execute. Questo ciclo si divide in tre parti.

1-Preleva (Fetch): Le istruzioni dalla memoria principale.
2-Decodifica (Decode): Interpreta le istruzioni ricevute.
3-Esegue (Execute): Esegue le operazioni richieste.

La CPU preleva dalla memoria le istruzioni di un programma, le interpreta attraverso un organo di decodifica, le esegue e trasferisce i dati.

Qui di seguito alcune pillole di conoscenza per quanto riguarda le operazioni dell'unità di controllo di un calcolatore.

**01-Instruction Register**
Nel flusso di esecuzione delle istruzioni, l’istruzione da eseguire è prelevata dalla memoria e scritta nell’Instruction Register

**02-id fetch**
La fase id fetch corrisponde alla fase di acquisizione dell’istruzione.

**03-Unità di controllo**
L'invio dei segnali di controllo sul bus per i trasferimenti è gestito dall'unità di controllo

**04-La CPU**
La CPU è l'unità centrale di elaborazione

**05-Impulsi di clock**
La frequenza degli impulsi di clock determina la velocità di esecuzione delle istruzioni della CPU

**06-L'ALU**
L'ALU è l'unità aritmetico logica

**07-Il Program Counter**
Il Program Counter PC contiene l'indirizzo dell'istruzione successiva

**08-ciclo Fetch-Decode-Execute**
Il ciclo Fetch-Decode-Execute è il flusso di esecuzione delle istruzioni

**09-registri generali della CPU**
I registri generali della CPU sono registri composti da 2, 4, o 8 byte

**10-Il tempo di accesso dei registri della CPU**
Il tempo di accesso dei registri della CPU rispetto a quelli della memoria centrale è molto più basso

***Conclusioni***
In sintesi, la CPU è essenziale per l'elaborazione dei dati e il corretto funzionamento di tutte le applicazioni e processi informatici.

***Domanda***
Avete mai visto la CPU di un computer?


**THE END**






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@bisolamih ·
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I’m very much familiar with a computer’s CPU but not all the components though 
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@christybliss ·
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I learnt a little bit of computer in my college days. Thank you for keeping us in remembrance. 
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@discovery-it ·
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<div class="pull-left">https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTAn3c753LR7bHCLPo96g9UvRMaPFwaMYn8VQZa85xczC/discovery_logo_colore%20-%20Copia.png</div><br> This post was shared and voted inside the discord by the curators team of <a href="https://discord.gg/cMMp943"> discovery-it</a> <br>Join our <a href = "https://hive.blog/trending/hive-193212"> Community</a> and follow our <a href = "https://hive.vote/dash.php?i=1&trail=discovery-it">Curation Trail</a><br>Discovery-it is also a Witness, vote for us <a href = "https://hivesigner.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=discovery-it&approve=true"> here</a>  <br>Delegate to us for passive income. Check our <a href = "https://hive.blog/hive-193212/@discovery-it/delegations-program-80-fee-back"> 80% fee-back Program</a> <hr>
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