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# The Rise and Fall of Eskom: South Africa's Electricity Monopoly

In January 2025, South Africa's electricity monopoly, ESKOM, made headlines by announcing its first round of load shedding in over ten months. This event, akin to rolling blackouts, aimed to prevent the national grid from collapsing. The previous year had seen a relative improvement: a mere 83 days of load shedding compared to 332 days in 2023 and over 200 in 2022. Despite this relative reprieve, ESKOM, one of the largest and most critical companies in South Africa, is struggling under the weight of an ongoing energy crisis.

## A Historical Context

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The story of ESKOM dates back to the first electric lights illuminated in South Africa's Kimberley in 1882. Municipal utilities sprang up across various cities, laying the foundation for a nascent electricity industry. However, it was the booming gold mining industry in the Witwatersrand gold fields that led to rapid expansion in electricity usage. The industry's reliance on a fixed price for gold necessitated automation, leading to increased demand for electric power.

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During World War I, the South African government recognized the need for a centralized electricity provider to manage the burgeoning demand and coordinate resources. This led to the creation of the Electricity Supply Commission (ESCOM) under the Electricity Act of 1922, which focused on diversifying the economy and controlling power supplies.

## The Birth of State Capitalism

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ESCOM was established as a state-owned entity with a mandate to supply electricity at the lowest possible cost, free from the burdens of profit-making. The intention was to provide stability and reliability to South Africa’s economy, which was heavily dependent on gold mining. This shift towards state capitalism enabled ESCOM to consolidate the nation’s energy resources and lay the groundwork for expansive industrial growth.

From 1933 to 1948, ESCOM's control over South Africa’s energy landscape grew as it absorbed private firms. This period marked the beginning of a dramatic increase in electricity consumption, facilitated by the country’s shift off the gold standard, resulting in burgeoning profits for gold miners and the need for vast quantities of power.

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## Transition and Challenges of Apartheid

The political landscape changed drastically in 1948 when the National Party, led by Afrikaner nationalists, came to power and implemented an Apartheid regime that greatly impacted the country’s economic structure. During the initial years, ESCOM could not keep pace with the skyrocketing demand. This deficiency in power supply led to systematic load shedding—a strategy used to prevent complete grid failure.

As the economy grew, especially in the industrial sector, ESCOM was faced with the challenge of generating enough power and began to rely increasingly on debt to expand capacity. A series of loans from foreign banks were utilized to build new power stations, which allowed ESCOM to stabilize electricity supply by the early 1960s.

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## Overexpansion and Economic Decline

The 1970s marked a turning point as volatile changes in gold prices signaled the end of an economic boom. ESCOM ramped up its coal power station constructions significantly, anticipating continuous growth. Unfortunately, this resulted in overexpansion, poor financial governance, and a misguided confidence in projected growth rates, which would later usher in significant operational challenges in the following decades.

By the late 1980s, South Africa faced heavy sanctions and a struggling economy, prompting a shift in ESCOM’s operations towards privatization and deregulation. However, responses to this economic crisis led to misguided energy contracts that would prove detrimental to Eskom’s financial health in the long run.

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## The ANC Era: A Mixed Legacy

After the end of Apartheid in 1994, the African National Congress (ANC) inherited an energy supply system that was heavily skewed towards white, affluent communities, leaving most black households unconnected. The ANC set out on an ambitious plan to connect millions of previously unserved communities to the grid, significantly stretching resources and finances.

However, simultaneously, the ANC opted to move away from state-driven utilities and towards private market participation. This decision halted Eskom's ability to build new capacity even as the demand for electricity surged. By 2008, a power crisis struck, notable for a series of blackouts that disrupted the economy and highlighted Eskom's failure to meet the growing energy demands.

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## The Decline into Corruption and Mismanagement

Eskom’s troubles continued as it struggled with internal governance, rampant corruption, and project mismanagement. The ambitious power projects heavily delayed, escalating financial commitments without delivering energy. By the late 2010s, CEO André de Ruyter was appointed but soon found himself fighting various battles against entrenched interests within Eskom.

Corruption was rampant, with notorious criminal syndicates reportedly infiltrating Eskom and plundering its resources. In a shocking incident, De Ruyter was poisoned, signaling the depths of dysfunction and danger surrounding Eskom’s leadership and operational integrity.

## A Troubling Future

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As of 2024, Eskom still faces an uncertain future, burdened by over R400 billion (around $25 billion) in debt. Despite attempts to stabilize operations, the government continues to bail out the company without addressing the underlying issues. An impending power crisis looms as old coal plants retire, and demand continues to grow.

While the potential path toward incorporating renewables has gained traction post-2023, the enduring legacy of coal undercuts haste to transition fully. The power shortfall expected in the next 25 years amplifies the necessity for a significant operational and structural overhaul within Eskom.

## Conclusion

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The journey of Eskom encapsulates the complexities of energy management interwoven with South Africa's political and social narrative. As the country grapples with a monumental need for sustainable and reliable energy, the looming question remains: can South Africa transition effectively to a system that prioritizes resilience and efficiency, or will it remain shackled by the remnants of a fraught and tumultuous history? The future of Eskom hangs in the balance, waiting for clarity amid years of compounded mismanagement and misaligned national priorities.

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# The Shocking Tale of the Crypto Kidnapping: A Deep Dive into a Disturbing Case

In recent news, a bizarre and horrifying story has unfolded involving a 28-year-old cryptocurrency investor who was reportedly kidnapped, tortured, and extorted for weeks. The graphic details of the alleged abuse bring to mind the darkest aspects of crime thrillers, and as the case grows in the media, more and more chilling elements are revealing themselves.

## **The Allegations of Torture and Extortion**

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According to reports from prosecutors and police, the victim was held captive in a luxurious eight-bedroom townhouse where he endured weeks of torture. Allegedly, this included being electrocuted with wires, beaten with a firearm, and coerced into smoking drugs, all with the aim of extracting cryptocurrency from him. Shockingly, there are claims that he was even dangled out of a window as part of the interrogation, akin to a scene from a Batman movie.

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As if the initial story weren't disturbing enough, the police seized a collection of incriminating items from the townhouse, including a saw, cocaine, body armor, night vision goggles, and firearms. The discovery of Polaroid photographs showing the victim with a gun to his head alongside t-shirts emblazoned with these images seemed almost like a misguided trophy collection for the alleged kidnappers.

## **The Strange Behavior of Criminals**

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What raises eyebrows about the kidnappers is not just the severity of their actions but their bizarre tendency to document their crimes. With tangible proof left behind, including the Polaroid photos, it appears almost as if they were inviting law enforcement to investigate. Were they signaling that they intended to use these images to blackmail the victim further? Or was it a sinister sense of pride in their malicious acts? This peculiar behavior makes one wonder about the mentality of individuals engaged in such serious criminal activities.

## **The Key Players: John Waltz and His Accomplices**

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The primary suspect in this shocking case is John Waltz, who has been dubbed the "crypto king of Kentucky." Alongside him is a male accomplice described as a Swedish crypto investor. The chilling narrative continues as it is revealed that they had begun their extortion efforts even before the victim arrived at the townhouse. The idea that someone could be persuaded under such dire threats to voluntarily enter a location where he would eventually face torture is unsettling.

Reports indicate that the victim was initially subjected to threats about his family before he decided to travel from Italy to New York City, believing he would reclaim his cryptocurrency. The fact that he willingly entered the lion’s den, knowing the risks involved, adds an unnerving layer to this already bizarre tale.

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## **Unpacking the Victim's Ordeal**

The victim reportedly endured a brutal three weeks of captivity. His experiences were so harrowing that questions arise regarding the limits of human endurance during psychological and physical torture. Remarkably, he managed to escape after ostensibly agreeing to transfer his Bitcoin, leading to a chaotic moment where he found a traffic cop and sought help.

In the aftermath, law enforcement arrested Waltz while he was found in a bathrobe—a detail that raises additional questions. Was he in a state of shock? Was his casual attire indicative of his demeanor following the kidnapping? It’s unclear how someone involved in such a criminal enterprise would maintain any semblance of normalcy in the face of such grave accusations.

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## **The Enigmatic Accomplices and Cover-Up Attempts**

Adding to the layers of mystery, there were reportedly two butlers present in the townhouse during the events. Their role remains uncertain; were they mere bystanders, or did they play a more active part in the ordeal? The narrative is further complicated by the presence of another accomplice, described as a Swedish executive, who insisted on surrendering only after enjoying a vacation in the Hamptons.

This behavior raises red flags. How could anyone involved in such serious crimes approach authorities so nonchalantly? The sheer audacity prompts speculation about what other secrets may be buried within this case.

## **A Broader Reflection on Cryptocurrency and Vulnerability**

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At its core, this incident underscores the precarious nature of wealth in the modern era, particularly for those engaged in the crypto industry. As the dark side of cryptocurrency becomes increasingly visible, it raises pressing questions about security and safety. With the anonymity that cryptocurrencies provide, high-value individuals must remain vigilant about their privacy to avoid becoming targets of violent extortion schemes.

The recent cases of attacks against cryptocurrency owners amplify the need for caution. The notion of a "wrench attack," where perpetrators threaten personal safety to extract funds, is a stark reminder of the potential dangers associated with visible wealth.

## **Conclusion: A Case of Unthinkable Intrigue**

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As details continue to emerge surrounding this shocking case, one thing is clear: We are only scratching the surface of a narrative that appears to grow more enigmatic by the day. The intertwining lives of the involved parties, along with the bizarre nature of their actions, raise critical questions that will likely captivate public interest for years to come.

In what is shaping up to be a true crime drama worthy of the screen, the unusual elements of this case—ranging from the audacious nature of the crime to the very characters involved—invite further scrutiny. As investigations continue, the hope remains that answers will emerge, shedding light on what has unfolded in this macabre saga within the world of cryptocurrency.

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## The Rise of OpenAI: An Empire in the Making

In this week’s episode of *Factually*, Adam Conover engages in a compelling discussion with journalist Karen How about the colossal implications of OpenAI and its CEO, Sam Altman. The episode turns the spotlight on an organization that has rapidly evolved from a quaint nonprofit concept to a powerhouse influencing both tech and governmental policies.

### OpenAI: From Humble Beginnings to Power Player

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OpenAI began with altruistic intentions—pursuing the development of artificial intelligence for the betterment of humanity. However, as How reveals, it has diverged significantly from its original ideals. In its quest for rapid growth and innovation, OpenAI has become one of the most financially successful tech companies in history, boasting a staggering valuation of $300 billion and special access to governmental partnerships.

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What has propelled this evolution? Altman’s deft navigation through the political landscape, especially his alignment with various factions of the U.S. government— notably the Trump administration— is crucial. By leveraging the perceived threats and the allure of AI advancements, Altman effectively positioned OpenAI as a major player at the intersection of tech and state.

### The Quasi-Religious Ideology Behind AI Development

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How makes a striking comparison between the fervent pursuit of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and a religious movement. Enthusiasts within the AI community appear to harbor a deeply rooted belief that their technological innovations will usher in utopia or, conversely, lead to human annihilation. Altman's narratives, which routinely predict fantastical outcomes like eradicating cancer or solving climate change, have taken on a religious zeal, yet remain curiously devoid of concrete, actionable plans.

This disconnect raises questions: How realistic are Altman's lofty promises? And, more importantly, how dangerous is this blind faith in technology without scrutiny?

### A Complex Web of Power, Money, and Ideology

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OpenAI’s financial pursuits are intricately tied to an ideology that profits from making grandiose claims about its capabilities. The AI sector's allure hinges on the promise of transformation: technology could become an omnipotent tool, reshaping industries and lifestyles alike. However, critics, including journalist How, argue that the rhetoric of “change” serves more as a veneer for the unrelenting accumulation of wealth and power, often at the expense of societal well-being and labor rights.

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Throughout the conversation, How touches on aspects of AI's imperialist nature, drawing parallels to historical colonial practices. Just as empires of the past extracted resources while promising progress, so too do modern tech empires leverage data, computational resources, and labor from vulnerable populations across the globe.

### The Societal Backlash and Future Implications

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Despite the overwhelming power structures surrounding AI development, How emphasizes that resistance is both necessary and possible. Global movements from artists protesting the unauthorized use of their work, to workers in tech demanding better labor conditions, signify a rising tide against unchecked technological imperialism. Community awareness and action are cited as pivotal in rewriting the narrative surrounding AI's development.

In this nuanced landscape, public discourse must evolve to re-examine the very frameworks that govern technological growth. It’s a call to action for citizens, encouraging them to question the promises being made and to seek accountability in the face of such powerful entities.

### A Plea for Responsibility in a Changing World

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As the conversation wraps up, Adam Conover and Karen How both stress the importance of maintaining a critical perspective on the rapid advancements in AI. The urgency to foster transparency and redefine ethical frameworks is paramount. The episode is not merely a critique but a call to arms—a reminder that citizens must remain vigilant and proactive in shaping technology that aligns with public interest rather than singular corporate goals.

As How's work and the discussions in this episode illustrate, we stand at a crossroads where collective agency can dictate the future of AI's societal integration. Monitoring the influential narratives surrounding AI, coupled with activism, could allow us to shape a more responsible technological future.

### Conclusion: Embracing Our Agency

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Ultimately, the power dynamics at play demand our attention and action. As society grapples with the issues presented by AI and its far-reaching implications, it becomes clear that our collective agency will be instrumental in charting a path forward. Whether navigating technological utopias or dystopias, one thing is certain: the choices we make today will resonate through the fabric of our social, economic, and political landscapes for generations to come.

For those intrigued by these discussions and seeking to delve deeper into the intriguing yet alarming world of AI and its architects, Karen How’s book, *Empire of AI: Dreams and Nightmares in Sam Alman's OpenAI*, is an essential read.

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# An Insightful Conversation with Mike Rowe

In a recent segment, Chris Cuomo welcomed the renowned television personality Mike Rowe, best known for his work on the show "Dirty Jobs." This interaction provided a platform for Rowe to share his thoughts on work ethics, the value of blue-collar jobs, and the current state of employment in America.

## The Essence of "Dirty Jobs"

Mike Rowe has become synonymous with "Dirty Jobs," a show that explores the unsung heroes who undertake the messiest and most challenging jobs in various industries. Throughout the series, Rowe not only highlighted the physical demands of these roles but also showcased the individuals behind the jobs—offering viewers a glimpse into their lives and motivations.

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Rowe emphasized that the skills and trades represented on "Dirty Jobs" often go overlooked, yet they are vital to the function of society. He advocated for a greater appreciation of the skilled workforce, underscoring that every job, regardless of its perceived cleanliness or prestige, contributes to the economy and community.

## Work Ethic and Vocational Training

During the interview, Cuomo and Rowe delved into the notion of work ethic and the importance of vocational training. Rowe expressed concern over the declining emphasis on trades and technical education in the school system. He argued that society often pushes young people toward four-year degrees without equally promoting the viable alternatives within technical fields.

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Rowe credibly asserted that skilled labor can offer not only financial stability but also personal fulfillment. He urged parents and educators to reconsider the narratives surrounding success and encourage multiple pathways to achieving it, acknowledging that a degree is not the only route to a prosperous career.

## Challenges Facing Today's Workforce

As the discussion progressed, the conversation touched upon the current challenges facing the modern workforce, particularly in the wake of economic changes and the pandemic. Rowe articulated that many people have reevaluated their work priorities, leading to a shift in job satisfaction.

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Cuomo and Rowe explored how these changes manifest in various industries, noting that certain essential jobs are facing shortages as they struggle to attract new workers. Rowe pointed out that society's relationship with work has evolved, with many now seeking roles that provide not just a paycheck but also a sense of purpose and community connection.

## The Call to Action

Rowe concluded the interview with a call to action: to recognize and elevate the voices of those who perform the hard work that keeps society running. He encouraged both individuals and institutions to acknowledge the dignity inherent in all labor and to foster an environment where all career paths are celebrated.

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Chris Cuomo’s engaging dialogue with Mike Rowe provided valuable insights on work, purpose, and the often-overlooked contributions of skilled tradespeople in America. The conversation reinforced the notion that every job has its worth and plays a crucial role in shaping the fabric of society.

In a world where ambition can sometimes overshadow practicality, Rowe's message reminds us of the importance of valuing all types of work and the people behind them.

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# The Rise of Trumpism and Its Global Implications

As we navigate the early years of the 21st century, one figure has not only claimed significant influence within the United States but has left an indelible mark on the global political landscape: Donald Trump. With two presidential victories, the second one stronger than the first, Trump has catalyzed a worldwide populist movement that spans numerous nations and influences their leaders. The crux of his appeal rests on a vehement rejection of centrist politics and establishment norms, positioning himself as a populist figure advocating for drastic change.

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The case for anticipating a future centrist pivot is rooted in historical precedents of disruptive leaders. History, as it unfolds, suggests that following intense moments of upheaval brought about by populist strongmen, there often emerges a counterforce seeking stability and moderation. Thus, Donald Trump's era, characterized by the profound impacts of Trumpism, may ultimately pivot back toward centrism.

## Understanding Trumpism

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Trumpism can be described as more than a mere political movement; it embodies an ideology defined by strong nationalistic sentiments, anti-establishment rhetoric, and deep-seated grievance and vengeance. This populist movement seeks to represent the common citizen, positioning itself against both the elite and global forces viewed as threats to national sovereignty. Central to Trumpism is its overt focus on nationalism, prioritizing the needs of American citizens, predominantly defined by Christianity, and reinforcing a sense of American superiority.

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With characteristics akin to past populist leaders, Trumpism thrives on the cultural grievances of its supporters, often linked to sentiments of disenfranchisement and frustration with traditional political and media institutions. The brashness and decisive style of Trump’s leadership resonate deeply with individuals feeling alienated by societal shifts caused by globalization, immigration, and cultural evolution.

Globally, Trumpism has inspired a range of leaders who although vary in their specific ideologies and domestic challenges, have adopted similar themes of nationalism and anti-establishment stances. Figures like Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil, Viktor Orbán in Hungary, and Marine Le Pen in France reflect the growing trend of local leaders drawing upon Trump’s populist playbook.

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## Historical Patterns of Disruption and Stability

Analyzing historical examples reveals that transformational leaders tend to disrupt existing orders but are frequently followed by more moderate successors who seek a return to normalcy. Figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte and Franklin Delano Roosevelt leveraged popular support to institute sweeping reforms yet ultimately found their legacies challenged as political tides shifted toward stability and moderation. Their successors often sought to repeal or soften the policies and ideologies of the preceding leadership.

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This cycle of disruption and reaction is evident in both democratic and authoritarian regimes. For instance, after Stalin's reign in the Soviet Union, leaders like Nikita Khrushchev rose to prominence by denouncing previous policies and advocating for more stable governance approaches. Similarly, in post-Mao China, leaders such as Deng Xiaoping reversed radical policies, embarking on a path of extensive reform and reopening.

Trump's political narrative fits within this historical trend where strongman populists provoke significant social and political change, only to be succeeded by leaders advocating moderation and stability.

## The Contemporary Political Landscape: Signs of Change

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Despite evidence of Trump’s solid footing in U.S. politics, global indicators suggest that leaders inspired by Trumpism are increasingly facing challenges. Bolsonaro, now battling legal troubles, has seen his influence wane in Brazil. Similarly, the political landscapes in countries like South Korea and Turkey indicate an emerging fatigue with populist rule and a burgeoning interest in stable leadership.

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In the Philippines, while former strongman Rodrigo Duterte retains some popularity, political dynamics are shifting, echoing a growing call for change devoid of previous baggage. In various democracies, including Mexico and Canada, moderate figures are gaining ground, often presenting themselves as a counterbalance to Trumpian populism. These changes mark a significant pivot toward parties that promise predictability and technocratic solutions rather than radical overhaul.

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The trend extends to broader international relations, examining how shifts toward technocratic and moderate leadership can manifest in the wake of strongman politics. Nations across Europe and Asia are witnessing leadership changes that emphasize responsible governance and established norms rather than tumultuous upheaval.

## What Lies Ahead for Trump and His Legacy

As we stride further into Trump's second term, questions linger about the long-term sustainability of his political brand in the face of emerging opposition. Although early indicators of a backlash against his populist strategies are evident, how these shifts will fully unfold remains to be seen.

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History tells us that as disruptive leaders rise, the vacuum they create often leads to a call for centrist leadership. The broader global movement toward moderation and stability already appears to be gaining traction as voters increasingly favor leaders prioritizing the status quo over revolution.

Consequently, Trump's ultimate legacy may not be that of an enduring populist model but rather as a catalyst for a wider shift toward a more centrist, technocratic approach in global politics. As democracies continually respond to past upheaval with a longing for stability, the question remains: will Donald Trump be remembered as the disruptor who led the way back to centrism?

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As the world watches forthcoming elections in South Korea, Argentina, and the United States, the political ramifications of Trump's tenure will play out—defining not only his legacy but potentially shaping a future more aligned with central political norms once again. The future hinges on the balance between disruptive change and the enduring need for a stable governance model that avoids the highs and lows of radical politics.