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Dopamine and its receptors // Dopamina e seus receptores by thomashnblum

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· @thomashnblum ·
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Dopamine and its receptors // Dopamina e seus receptores
<div class="text-justify">

Dopamine has gained a lot of popularity in times of hyper-accelerated modernity and easily obtainable pleasures. There is already some open talk about "dopamine detoxification" through temporary abstention from the exorbitant amount of stimuli we have daily from the moment we wake up, and this topic itself is already somewhat worn out, although very recent. But when we start diving into deeper brain research, we realize that things are not that simple or exact, and when we think about dopamine and dopamine receptors, we are pruning a vast complexity of details present in these receptors. Likewise this is the case with serotonin, but the focus here today is to talk about Dopamine itself and I will do so by detailing its main and most studied receptors, I hope this is useful content for you interested in the topic!

<center>https://media.sciencephoto.com/f0/32/77/63/f0327763-800px-wm.jpg
[Source](https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1167422/view/dopamine-and-dopamine-receptor-molecular-model)</center>

A monoaminergic neurotransmitter that is present in the catecholamine and phenylethylamine family. That is Dopamine. Naturally it doesn't explain enough. Dopamine has numerous functions in our system, but to understand this neurotransmitter it is necessary to break down its receptors, and these are D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5. The production of dopamine (which goes to these receptors) is produced in the "substantia nigra" and the ventral tegmental area. It is thought at a common sense level that dopamine is the neurotransmitter of pleasure, and in a somewhat broader and more studied sense, it is thought to be the main driver of the reward system. Both observations are correct, but it goes far beyond pleasure and reward. Dopamine is completely involved in movement, learning, emotions, memory, cognition, and mood. In addition, dopamine is the natural precursor to two other catecholamines that are fundamental to our nervous system stimulation, adrenaline and noradrenaline. I end this initial summary by summarizing the following example of the importance of Dopamine: Too little Dopamine = Parkinson's, too much Dopamine = Schizophrenia. Finished with this introductory question, we now move on to the receptors of dopamine, that is, where the neurotransmitter will connect to be activated in the brain.

<center>https://images.everydayhealth.com/images/anatomy/dopamine/all-about-dopamine-722x406.jpg
[Source](https://www.everydayhealth.com/dopamine/)</center>

D1 - Also called DRD1, is the most abundant dopamine receptor in the human body. This receptor is mainly connected with the learning system, memory system and in the growth of neurons. In addition, of course, it is related to the reward system and in parts to movement. It is a mediator of certain actions, including the "addiction" type.

D2 - It is through the D2 receptor or DRD2 that most antipsychotics have been identified, because it is the receptor for such drugs. Mutations in this gene are responsible for myoclonic dystonias and even schizophrenia. Some studies claim that fear memories may be connected to mechanisms involving D2 receptors.

<center>https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/370/1/111/F1.large.jpg
[Source](https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/370/1/111/tab-figures-data)</center>

D3 - The DRD3 receptor because it is mainly present in more primitive brain areas hints that it is responsible for basic and essential functions for human survival. Like all the others it is related to the G protein, it is also one of the main targets for anti-parkinson drugs and for ADHD treatments.

D4 - This receptor like the others is related to abuse behavior, mental disorders like schizophrenia, parkinsonism but also to anorexia and eating problems. Some studies have claimed a connection of the DRD4 receptor with Borderline disorder. Some studies have tried to associate the D4 receptor and certain polymorphisms involving it with Novelty Seeking behavior, but little evidence has been found.

D5 - And finally we have DRD5, the receptor which has ten times more affinity for dopamine than DRD1. It is vastly found in the brain and especially in the central nervous system. Interestingly, it is also found in the kidneys and is related to sodium excretion. As it is currently understood, muscarinergic receptors in synergy with DRD5 work with the fear memory system, fundamental for the survival of the species. Some possible polymorphisms involving the D5 receptor may be involved with smoking, another genetic mutation involved with the receptor may be a major factor in ADHD. The D5 receptor also has a function in regulating blood pressure and it is worth saying that there is a relationship with immunity as well.

<center>https://images.fineartamerica.com/images/artworkimages/mediumlarge/1/dopaminethe-feel-good-molecule-erzebet-s.jpg
[Source](https://fineartamerica.com/featured/dopaminethe-feel-good-molecule-erzebet-s.html)</center>

Anyway, this was a brief analysis of the different Dopamine receptors present in our body, although they all work with the same neurotransmitter, each one has its function and specificity. It is always important to emphasize that we know the minimum possible about so many of the mechanisms that we have inside our system, and there is not much light on when we will really understand all this. Thanks for reading!

**Material used to write this article:** [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine), [2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684895/), [3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985548/) and [4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538242/)

<center>**Thomas Blum**</center>

![](https://images.ecency.com/DQmSo7u5i2662H9bfKNkaVwbUWq4EbkC6JVpBVEHhEQRxGL/separador_de_texto_1.png)

*Português*

A dopamina tem ganhado uma popularidade muito grande em tempos de hiper-aceleração da modernidade e dos prazeres de fácil obtenção. Já se fala com certa abertura sobre "desintoxicação de dopamina" através de uma abstenção temporária da quantidade exorbitante de estímulos que temos diariamente desde o momento que acordamos e esse tema em si já está um tanto quanto desgastado, ainda que muito recente. Mas quando se começa a mergulhar na pesquisa mais profunda do cérebro, compreendemos que as coisas não são tão simples ou exatas assim e quando se pensa em dopamina e receptores dopaminérgicos, estamos podando uma vasta complexidade de detalhes presentes nesses receptores. Da mesma forma isso ocorre com a serotonina, mas o foco aqui hoje é falar da Dopamina mesmo e o farei detalhando os seus principais e mais estudados receptores, espero que seja um conteúdo útil para você interessado no tema!

<center>https://media.sciencephoto.com/f0/32/77/63/f0327763-800px-wm.jpg
[Source](https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1167422/view/dopamine-and-dopamine-receptor-molecular-model)</center>

Um neurotransmissor monoaminérgico que está presente na família das catecolaminas e das feniletilaminas. Isso é a Dopamina. Naturalmente não explica o suficiente. A dopamina tem inúmeras funções em nosso sistema, mas para compreender esse neurotransmissor é necessário desmembrar seus receptores, e são esses D1, D2, D3, D4 e D5. A produção da dopamina (que irá até esses receptores) é produzida na "substância negra" e na área tegmental ventral. É pensado em um nível de senso comum que a dopamina é o neurotransmissor do prazer, e em um senso um pouco mais abrangente e estudado, é tida como o principal propulsor do sistema de recompensas. Ambas as observações estão corretas, mas vai muito além de prazer e recompensa. A dopamina está completamente envolvida nos movimentos, no aprendizado, nas emoções, na memória, cognição e no humor. Além disso a dopamina é a precursora natural de duas outras catecolaminas fundamentais para nossa estimulação do sistema nervoso, a adrenalina e a noradrenalina. Finalizo esse resumo inicial resumindo seguinte exemplo da importância da Dopamina: Dopamina de menos = Parkinson, Dopamina demais = Esquizofrenia. Finalizado essa questão introdutória, vamos agora para os receptores da dopamina, ou seja, onde irá se conectar o neurotransmissor para ser ativado no cérebro.

<center>https://images.everydayhealth.com/images/anatomy/dopamine/all-about-dopamine-722x406.jpg
[Source](https://www.everydayhealth.com/dopamine/)</center>

D1 - Também chamado de DRD1, é o receptor de dopamina mais abundante no corpo humano. Este receptor está conectado principalmente com o sistema de aprendizagem, de memória e no crescimento de neurônios. Além disso, naturalmente, está relacionado com o sistema de recompensa e em partes pela movimentação. É um mediador de determinadas ações, inclusive do tipo "vícios".

D2 - Foi através do receptor D2 ou DRD2 que se identificou a maioria dos antipsicóticos, por que é ele que recebe tais medicamentos. Mutações nesse gene são responsáveis por distonias mioclônicas e até mesmo a esquizofrenia. Alguns estudos afirmam que memórias de medo podem estar conectadas aos mecanismos que envolvem os receptores D2.

<center>https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/370/1/111/F1.large.jpg
[Source](https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/370/1/111/tab-figures-data)</center>

D3 - O receptor DRD3 por estar principalmente presente em áreas do cérebro mais primitivas dá a entender que é responsável por funções básicas e essenciais para a sobrevivência do ser humano. Tal como todas as outras está relacionada com a proteína G,  também é um dos principais alvos para drogas anti-parkinson e para os tratamentos de TDAH.

D4 - Este receptor tal como os outros está relacionado a comportamentos de abuso, transtornos mentais como a esquizofrenia, o parkinson mas também com anorexia e problemas de alimentação. Alguns estudos tem afirmado a conexão do receptor DRD4 com o transtorno Borderline. Alguns estudos tentaram associar o receptor D4 e determinados polimorfismos que envolvem ele com o comportamento de Novelty Seeking, mas poucas evidências foram encontradas.

D5 - E por fim temos o DRD5, o receptor que tem dez vezes mais afinidade com a dopamina do que o DRD1. É vastamente encontrado no cérebro e principalmente no sistema nervoso central. Curiosamente também é encontrado nos rins e estão relacionados a excreção de sódio. Ao que se compreende atualmente, os receptores muscarinérgicos em sinergia com os DRD5 trabalham com o sistema de memórias de medo, fundamentais para a sobrevivência da espécie. Alguns possíveis polimorfismos envolvendo o receptor D5 podem estar envolvidos com o hábito de fumar, outra mutação genética envolvida com o receptor pode ser um dos principais fatores do TDAH. O receptor D5 também tem função de regulagem da pressão sanguínea e vale dizer que existe uma relação com a imunidade também.

<center>https://images.fineartamerica.com/images/artworkimages/mediumlarge/1/dopaminethe-feel-good-molecule-erzebet-s.jpg
[Source](https://fineartamerica.com/featured/dopaminethe-feel-good-molecule-erzebet-s.html)</center>

Enfim, essa foi uma análise breve sobre os diferentes receptores de Dopamina presentes em nosso corpo, ainda que todos trabalhem com o mesmo neurotransmissor, cada um tem sua função e especificidade. Sempre é importante ressaltar que sabemos o mínimo possível sobre tantos dos mecanismos que temos dentro de nosso sistema e não há muita luz sobre quando é que entenderemos de fato tudo isso, por hora vamos tateando a neurologia e a psiquiatria com paciência e perseverança. Obrigado pela leitura!

**Material utilizado para a elaboração desse artigo:** [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine), [2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684895/), [3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5985548/) e [4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538242/)

<center>**Thômas Blum</center>**

</div>
👍  , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and 306 others
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@apineda ·
It is excellent information that you present here, very well explained and easy to understand. 
The important thing when considering receptors is that they can trigger chemical processes that are sometimes opposite depending on the site where they are located, this sometimes complicates your understanding a bit, but that is simply the way it is,
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@eniolw ·
Great. Thanks for the update.
A little suggestion. Whenever the name of the author of a picture is available, make sure you credit them properly, especially if the pictures aren't in public domain. Pointing to the site sometimes isn't enough.
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@thomashnblum ·
Thanks for the suggestion! I always thought that putting the source of the image was enough! But I will be more careful with that!
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@freedomekere123 ·
So educative 🤝🤝🤝🤝🤝
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@gwajnberg ·
Interesting overview! I have a question for you , a cell biology! maybe to enrich the beautiful text and help others to understand a little bit better. When you call them "receptors"  what they are ? Where are they located ? What are the general role of receptors (not only dopamine). Cheers!
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@thomashnblum ·
Great questions! And I think the best way to answer it is to create a new article, specifying what receptors are (I will focus on neuro-receptors, mainly that are the ones I understand best, and there are many!) and what they are for, etc. I appreciate the suggestion!
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@gwajnberg ·
!PIZZA
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@perfilbrasil ·
Obrigado por postar
Obrigado por promover a comunidade Hive-BR em suas postagens.

Vamos seguir fortalecendo a Hive

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@pizzabot · (edited)
RE: Dopamine and its receptors // Dopamina e seus receptores
<center>🍕 PIZZA !


I gifted <strong>$PIZZA</strong> slices here:
curation-cartel tipped thomashnblum (x1)
@gwajnberg<sub>(1/15)</sub> tipped @thomashnblum (x1)


<sub>Learn more at https://hive.pizza!</sub></center>
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@stemsocial ·
re-thomashnblum-dopamine-and-its-receptors-dopamina-20221207t194734164z
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