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Proteins (first part) [EN ⊛ ES] Proteínas (primera parte) by wayuu-reg

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Proteins (first part) [EN ⊛ ES] Proteínas (primera parte)
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmUmwui6aF3rfavMy2vzcYa7yyhi5KCnoYNVBvvUq74yv6/1%20Microfilamentos%20MEF.jpg"></center>
<center><sup><sup><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MEF_microfilaments.jpg">MEF microfilaments</a> ⊛ Microfilamentos MEF<br>Fluorescence micrograph showing F-actin (in green) in rat fibroblasts<br>Micrografía de fluorescencia que muestra F-actina (en verde) en fibroblastos de rata</sup></sup></center>

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Amino acids are joined together by covalent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_bond">Peptide Bonds</a> established between the -COOH group of one and the <sub>2</sub>HN- group of the other:

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Los aminoácidos se unen entre sí mediante <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_pept%C3%ADdico">Enlaces Peptídicos</a> covalentes, establecidos entre el grupo –COOH de uno y el <sub>2</sub>HN– de otro:

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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmVqtRjjVKH26nPAvqAteRgYtPgF6SEv24CssqkfTktwvv/Enlaces%20Pept%C3%ADdicos.png"></center>

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This bond has double bond characteristics in a high percentage, so it does not allow free rotation, which is of great importance for the structure of proteins. In addition, it can be hydrolyzed by the action of certain enzymes in the presence of water.

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Este enlace tiene características de doble enlace en un porcentaje alto, por lo que no permite el libre giro, lo que es de gran importancia para la estructura de las proteínas. Además, puede hidrolizarse por la acción de determinadas enzimas en presencia de agua.

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The compound formed by the union of two amino acids is called dyspeptide. If a small number of amino acids (approximately 10) are joined together in a chain, it is called a peptide. When the number of amino acids is higher, it is called a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/polypeptide-chain">Polypeptide Chain</a> or protein.

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El compuesto formado por la unión de dos aminoácidos se denomina dispéptico. Sí se unen un número no muy alto de aminoácidos (aproximadamente 10) en una cadena, ésta recibe el nombre de péptido. Cuando su número es mayor, se habla ya de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polip%C3%A9ptido">Cadena Polipeptídica</a> o proteínas.

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> “…are macromolecules formed by linear chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of amino acids and this sequence is determined by the nucleotide sequence of their corresponding gene (called structural genes). Genetic information determines which proteins a cell, tissue and organism has.…” ⊛ <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna">Proteins</a>

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> “…son macromoléculas formadas por cadenas lineales de aminoácidos. Las proteínas están formadas por aminoácidos y esta secuencia está determinada por la secuencia de nucleótidos de su gen correspondiente (llamados genes estructurales). La información genética determina qué proteínas tiene una célula, un tejido y un organismo…” ⊛ <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna">Proteína</a>

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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmbmnNucF52aV7fCnGwz6Hbq7dE3HDeMEwDf9K2p9aJRBE/2%20Ejemplos%20de%20localizaci%C3%B3n%20subcelular.jpg"></center>
<center><sup><sup><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Localisations02eng.jpg">Examples for subcellular localisations</a> ⊛ Ejemplos de localización subcelular<br>Proteins in different cellular compartments and structures tagged with green fluorescent protein (here, white)<br>Proteínas en distintos compartimentos y estructuras celulares marcadas con proteína verde fluorescente (aquí, en blanco)</sup></sup></center>

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Proteins are compounds of high molecular weight (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumin">Albumin</a> is 38,000 and some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody">Immunoglobulins</a> are 150,000) and are composed of hundreds of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid">Amino Acids</a>. They are true macromolecules in whose structure it is necessary to distinguish several levels:

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Las proteínas son compuestos de elevado peso molecular (así el de la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%BAmina">Albumina</a> es de 38.000 y el de algunas <a href="https://www.cun.es/diccionario-medico/terminos/inmunoglobulina">Inmunoglobulinas</a> son de 150.000) y se componen de centenares de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%C3%A1cido">Aminoácidos</a>. Se trata, de verdaderas macromoléculas en cuya estructura es preciso distinguir varios niveles:

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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmXsBEYFieadPAKWxjhmcVg8xC2J6QPxhXMbnmo8C7Rdjd/3%20Niveles%20de%20Organizaci%C3%B3n%20de%20las%20Prote%C3%ADnas.png"></center>
<center><sup><sup>Protein Organization Levels ⊛ <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Estructura_prote%C3%ADnas.png">Niveles de Organización de las Proteínas</a></sup></sup></center>
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<sup><sup><b>To describe a protein:</b><br>Primary structure is the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain<br>Secondary structure is the local folding patterns presented by certain sequences of the protein<br>Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional folded conformation of a polypeptide chain<br>Quaternary structure is the organization of an oligomeric protein or protein assembly<br>Proteins acquire their structure instantaneously, they do not go through each of the structures.</sup></sup>

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<sup><sup><b>Para describir una proteína:</b><br>Estructura primaria, es la secuencia de aminoácidos de una cadena polipeptídica<br>Estructura secundaria, son patrones locales de plegamiento que presentan ciertas secuencias de la proteína<br>Estructura terciaria, es la conformación plegada tridimensional de una cadena polipeptídica<br>Estructura cuaternaria, es la organización de una proteína oligomérica o ensamble de proteínas<br>Las proteínas adquieren su estructura instantáneamente, no pasan por cada una de las estructuras.</sup></sup>

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⊛ <b>Primary structure</b>, which is the sequential arrangement of the amino acids in the chain, the basis of the behavior that the protein will present.

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⊛ <b>Estructura primaria</b>, que es la ordenación secuencial que los aminoácidos tienen en la cadena, base del comportamiento que la proteína va a presentar.

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⊛ <b>Secondary structure</b>, or the form in which the amino acids are arranged, which depends on the intracatenary interactions of ionic type that are established, the volume and polarity of the lateral groups, etc., of the set of factors that determine the stability or instability of a determined configuration. The work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Astbury">Asdtbury</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling">Pauling</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_James_Corey">Corey</a> during the 1930s and 1940s, using the <b>X-ray</b> diffraction technique, showed that the most stable structure, and therefore the one possessed by most protein molecules, was the so-called <b>∞ helix</b>, consisting of a helical winding of the chain. This is the arrangement that hemoglobin, for example, presents in a large part of its molecule. Within the same protein, some stretches may undergo kinking or other deformations that prevent the formation of the <b>∞ helix</b>. In other cases, as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin">Keratin</a>, there are no intracatenary hydrogen bonds that maintain the helical structure and the protein takes the form of a zigzag-folded chain, called <b>β configuration</b>. Sometimes, the repulsion of the side groups causes the molecule or parts of the molecule to adopt a random configuration.

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⊛ <b>Estructura secundaria</b>, o forma en que se disponen los aminoácidos, la cual depende de las interacciones intracatenarias de tipo iónico que se establecen, del volumen y polaridad de los grupos laterales, etc., del conjunto de factores que determina la estabilidad o inestabilidad de una configuración determinada. Los trabajos de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Astbury">Asdtbury</a>, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling">Pauling</a> y <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_James_Corey">Corey</a> a lo largo de las décadas de los años 30 y 40, utilizando la técnica de difracción de <b>rayos X</b>, mostraron que la estructura más estable, y la que por tanto poseían la mayor parte de las moléculas proteicas, era la denominada <b>hélice ∞</b>, consistente en un arrollamiento helicoidal de la cadena. Esta es la disposición que presenta, por ejemplo, la hemoglobina en gran parte de su molécula. Dentro de una misma proteína, algunos tramos pueden sufrir acodamientos u otras deformaciones que impiden la formación de <b>hélice ∞</b>. En otros casos, como en la <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queratina">Queratina</a>, no existen puentes de hidrógeno intracatenarios que mantengan la estructura helicoide y la proteína adopta la forma de una cadena plegada en zig-zag, denominada <b>configuración β</b>. A veces, la repulsión de los grupos laterales hace que la molécula o partes de ésta adopten una configuración al azar.

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⊛ <b>Tertiary structure</b>, or three-dimensional configuration of the polypeptide chain as a whole. In a long spring bent at some of its points, the secondary structure would be the helical arrangement of its coils, and the tertiary structure would be the sum of folds presented by the whole. These tertiary foldings are formed due to the establishment of intracatenary hydrogen bridges, ionic interactions, apolar interactions and the creation of disulfide bridges between the <b>–SH</b> groups of two cysteines, in which the hydrogen atoms are lost and a very strong covalent <b>S–S</b> bond is formed.

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⊛ <b>Estructura terciaria</b>, o configuración tridimensional que muestra el conjunto de la cadena polipeptídica. En un largo muelle doblado en algunos de sus puntos, la estructura secundaria sería la disposición helicoidal de sus espiras, y la terciaria, la suma de dobleces que presenta el conjunto. Estos plegamientos terciarios se forman debido al establecimiento de puentes de hidrógeno intracatenarios, a interacciones de tipo iónico, a interacciones apolares y a la creación de puentes disulfuro entre los grupos <b>–SH</b> de dos cisteínas, en la que se pierden los átomos de hidrógeno y queda formado el enlace <b>S–S</b> covalente, muy fuerte. 

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⊛ <b>Quaternary structure</b>, as shown by proteins of molecular weight greater than 50,000, consisting of several chains or <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_416">Protomers</a>. Such proteins, of which hemoglobin is a notable example, are called <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_416">Oligomeric</a>.

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⊛ <b>Estructura cuaternaria</b>, como la muestran las proteínas de peso molecular superior a 50.000, constituidas por varias cadenas o <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3mero">Protómeros</a>. Tales proteínas, de las que la hemoglobina es un notable ejemplo, reciben el nombre de <a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=195632#:~:text=La%20Prote%C3%ADna%20Oligom%C3%A9rica%20de%20la%20Matriz%20del%20Cart%C3%ADlago%20(COMP)%2C,del%20total%20de%20sus%20residuos.">Oligoméricas</a>.

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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmQUx3jBvwLBRrGTUwgB6acrEMjSUEcwtq58RJhhqtkWSE/4%20Membrana%20celular.png"></center>
<center><sup><sup>Cell membrane with some characteristic elements<br><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:CellMembraneDrawing_(es).png">Membrana celular</a> con algunos elementos característicos</sup></sup></center>

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The solubility of proteins depends on the <b>pH</b> of the medium (the closer the <b>pH</b> is to the isoelectric point of the protein molecule in question, the lower its solubility), the polarity of the solvent and the ionic strength of the solution. The biological properties of a protein depend on its tertiary structure, which can be altered in a process called <b>denaturalization</b>, which can be reversible or irreversible, and is produced by the action of high temperatures, or <b>pH</b>, or chemical agents.

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La solubilidad de las proteínas depende del <b>pH</b> del medio (cuanto más cercano éste al punto isoeléctrico de la molécula proteica en cuestión, menor es su solubilidad), de la polaridad del disolvente y de la fuerza iónica de la solución. Las propiedades biológicas de una proteína dependen de su estructura terciaria, la cual puede alterarse en el proceso denominado <b>desnaturalización</b>, que puede ser reversible o irreversible, y se produce por la acción de elevadas temperaturas, o <b>pH</b>, o también de agentes químicos.

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The high molecular weight of these molecules means that they cannot cross semi-permeable membranes, which leads to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis">Osmosis phenomena</a>, and determines their high density, which allows their separation by centrifugation. Proteins can be simple, if they do not have foreign groups in their molecules, or conjugated, if they have foreign groups. When these groups are strongly bound to the protein molecule, they are called <b>prosthetic groups</b>. These can be nucleic acids (nucleoproteins), sugars (glycoproteins), fats (lipoproteins), phosphoric acid (phosphoproteins), metals (metalloproteins), etc.

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El elevado peso molecular de estas moléculas hace que no puedan atravesar membranas semipermeables, lo que da lugar a fenómenos de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93smosis">Ósmosis</a>, y determina su gran densidad, hecho que permite su separación por centrifugación. Las proteínas pueden ser simples, si no llevan grupos extraños en sus moléculas, o conjugadas, en el caso de que presenten grupos extraños. Cuando dichos grupos se unen fuertemente a la molécula proteica, se denominan <b>grupos prostéticos</b>. Estos pueden ser ácidos nucleicos (nucleoproteínas), azúcares (glucoproteínas), grasas (lipoproteínas), ácido fosfórico (fosfoproteínas), metales (metaloproteínas), etc.

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To conclude this first part, proteins are essential in the daily diet of the individual; the group of amino acids that elaborate proteins cannot be generated by the individual himself, it is acquired through the consumption of food, making possible the creation of new cells; since they are necessary for the growth stage in children, adolescents and pregnant women. Foods originating from animals are rich in proteins, such as beef or chicken, fish, eggs, cheese and milk. Foods originating from vegetables have proteins but in smaller quantities, such as legumes, cereals and soybeans.

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Para terminar esta primera parte, las proteínas son esenciales en la dieta diaria del individuo; el grupo de aminoácidos que elabora las proteínas no puede ser generado por el individuo mismo, lo adquiere mediante el consumo de alimentos, haciendo posible la creación de nuevas células; ya que se hacen necesarias para la etapa de crecimiento en niños, adolescentes y embarazadas. Los alimentos procedentes de animales son ricos en proteínas, como la carne de res o pollo, el pescado, huevos, queso y leche. Los alimentos que se originan de los vegetales poseen proteínas pero en menor cantidad, como las legumbres, cereales y la soja.

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<center><em>This research is offered with the purpose that all this information becomes an integral part of your daily knowledge and contributes to improve, even more, your quality of life: healthy and preventive.</em><br><br><h3>Thank you very much<br>for your kind attention !<br><br>Remember that to donate blood<br>is to save many lives...</h3></center>

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<center><em>Esta investigación es ofrecida con la finalidad de que toda esta información forme parte integral de su conocimiento habitual y contribuya a mejorar, aun más, su calidad de vida: saludable y preventiva.</em><br><br><h3>¡ Muchísimas gracias<br>por su amable atención !<br><br>Y recuerde que donar sangre<br>es salvar muchas vidas…</h3></center>

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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmbeiNsZfCA4YbL5LoKpRv71aYnm7afhYHi9ht7sffjJbv/Dona%20Sangre.png"></center>
<center><sup><sup>Donor Application ⊛ <a href="https://www.klipartz.com/es/sticker-png-ydcis">Solicitud de Donantes</a></sup></sup></center><br>
<center><b>BIBLIOGRAPHIC QUERIES ⊛ CONSULTAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS</b></center><br>
⊛ Protein (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna">Proteína</a>)<br>
⊛ What are proteins?<br>(¿<a href="https://cuidateplus.marca.com/alimentacion/diccionario/proteinas.html">Qué son las proteínas</a>?)<br>
⊛ What are Proteins and what are they for?<br>(¿<a href="https://www.alimente.elconfidencial.com/nutricion/2018-02-27/proteinas-aminoacidos-para-que-sirven_1522540/">Qué son las Proteínas y para qué sirven</a>?)<br>
⊛ Manual of nutrition and dietetics<br>(<a href="https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/22755/1/Manual-nutricion-dietetica-CARBAJAL.pdf">Manual de nutrición y dietética</a>)<br>
⊛ Diet and Nutrition: Essential Amino Acids<br>(<a href="https://www.webconsultas.com/dieta-y-nutricion/nutrientes/aminoacidos-esenciales">Dieta y Nutrición: Aminoácidos Esenciales</a>)

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<center><b>C R E D I T S</b></center><br>All images in this publication are in the public domain (CC0) and were edited with Paint and PowerPoint as PNG images<br>The GIF image, with personal photos, was edited with the online application <a href="http://picasion.com/">Picasion.com</a><br>The Hive.blog <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_transparent1.png?uselang=es">Logo</a> (CC0) and <a href="https://discord.com/channels/385034494555455488/545735847962476557">Ecency Logo</a> was used<br>The translation was made by <a href="https://www.deepl.com/es/translator">DeepL</a><br><br>I would be very pleased to receive your valuable comments and constructive suggestions on the topic presented, as they will be considerable for the improvement of future publications<br><br><h3><center>T H A N K  Y O U !</center></h3>

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<center><b>C R E D I T O S</b></center><br>Todas las imágenes de esta publicación son de dominio público (CC0), fueron editadas con la aplicación Paint y PowerPoint como imagen PNG<br>La imagen GIF, con fotografías personales, fue editada con la aplicación en línea <a href="http://picasion.com/">Picasion.com</a><br>Se utilizó el <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_transparent1.png?uselang=es">Logo</a> de Hive.blog (CC0) y <a href="https://discord.com/channels/385034494555455488/545735847962476557">Ecency Logo</a><br>La traducción fue realizada por <a href="https://www.deepl.com/es/translator">DeepL</a><br><br>Me sentiría muy complacida en recibir su valioso comentario y constructivas sugerencias acerca del tema presentado, ya que serán considerables para el mejoramiento de las futuras publicaciones<br><h3><center>¡ G R A C I A S !</center></h3>

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vote details (392)
@blitzzzz ·
Thanks for the chemistry lesson! 😁 !PIZZA
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@desiredlady ·
We make me have flash back for those days when I was in secondary School, chemistry was my best subject ooo thanks for this vital information dear
👍  
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vote details (1)
@elisaday7 ·
Excelente post @wayuu-reg lleno de mucha información que nutre el conocimiento y ayuda a nuestra salud. 
👍  
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@henrycalu ·
A ingest proteins that are vital for the maintenance of a healthy metabolism.
Greetings @wayuu-reg 

---
A ingerir proteínas que son vitales para el mantenimiento de un metabolismo sano.
Saludos @wayuu-reg 
👍  ,
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vote details (2)
@hivebuzz ·
Congratulations @wayuu-reg! You have completed the following achievement on the Hive blockchain And have been rewarded with New badge(s)

<table><tr><td><img src="https://images.hive.blog/60x70/http://hivebuzz.me/@wayuu-reg/upvoted.png?202302081814"></td><td>You received more than 8000 upvotes.<br>Your next target is to reach 9000 upvotes.</td></tr>
</table>

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@ipexito ·
Back to school days, it was a pleasure to see biology in the Hive. Proteins are very important molecules. As a biologist, I started to be interest in your account.
👍  
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vote details (1)
@wayuu-reg ·
Thank you very much for reading my article and commenting on it

---
Muchas gracias por leer mi artículo y comentarlo
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@ipexito ·
🌸🌸
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@ipexito ·
🌸🌸
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@ladymisa ·
!PIZZA :)
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@maria1989 ·
Este es un tema bastante extenso, haciendose complicado al detallar cada proceso minuciosamente.
TQM @wayuu-reg 
👍  
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vote details (1)
@pizzabot · (edited)
RE: Proteins (first part) [EN ⊛ ES] Proteínas (primera parte)
<center>🍕 PIZZA !


I gifted <strong>$PIZZA</strong> slices here:
@ladymisa<sub>(5/5)</sub> tipped @wayuu-reg (x1)
blitzzzz tipped wayuu-reg (x1)


<sub>Join us in <a href="https://discord.gg/hivepizza">Discord</a>!</sub></center>
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@poshtoken · (edited)
https://twitter.com/1327070381216309249/status/1623387491435786240
https://twitter.com/134311926/status/1624192589514637323
<sub> The rewards earned on this comment will go directly to the people( @edwing357, @alummno ) sharing the post on Twitter as long as they are registered with @poshtoken. Sign up at https://hiveposh.com.</sub>
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@stemsocial ·
re-wayuu-reg-proteins-first-part-en-es-20230209t042639005z
<div class='text-justify'> <div class='pull-left'>
 <img src='https://stem.openhive.network/images/stemsocialsupport7.png'> </div>

Thanks for your contribution to the <a href='/trending/hive-196387'>STEMsocial community</a>. Feel free to join us on <a href='https://discord.gg/9c7pKVD'>discord</a> to get to know the rest of us!

Please consider delegating to the @stemsocial account (85% of the curation rewards are returned).

You may also include @stemsocial as a beneficiary of the rewards of this post to get a stronger support.&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />
</div>
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@ylich ·
Me encantaría poder entender más acerca de todos estos temas tan bien desarrollados, pues la información es muy interesante y bastante profunda.

¡Éxitos!
👍  
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vote details (1)
@wayuu-reg ·
Mi estimado @ylich lo más importante es haber leido y asimilar parte de esta investigación para poder saber que debemos ingerir Proteínas en la alimentación básica, es decir: comer ricamente balanceado. Ahí se presentan herramientas para hacer la selección de las biomoléculas que necesita el organismo. Todo el proceso de una buena alimentación regula el metabolismo manteniendolo saludable.
Gracias por su valioso comentario.
👍  ,
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vote details (2)
@alummno ·
Hola. 
Tu material es denso y hay que sentarse (por ejemplo yo) a estudiar. 
Me gusta aprender, aunque estos me resultan pesados por lo profundo que tocas el tema. Sin embargo acá, dices a @ylich:
> debemos ingerir Proteínas en la alimentación básica, es decir: comer ricamente balanceado

Genial... Esa información traducida a un lenguaje mas simple (jijijiji) para personas que deseaos aprender, es BIENVENIDA.

Ojo. No menosprecio tu aporte. Está bueno, pero debo sentarme con calma a investigar y aprender un poco mas para asimilar la información. No obstante... Estoy pendiene de tu segundo aporte acerca de la protehina, porque  creo que ahí responde a esta inquietud de qué ingerir para una alimentación sana.

Saludos y bendiciones.
***
Hi. 
Your material is dense and you have to sit down (for example me) to study. 
I like to learn, although these are heavy for me because of how deep you go into the subject. However here, you say to @ylich: 
> we should ingest Protein in the basic food, that is: eat richly balanced.

Great... That information translated into a simpler language (jijijijiji) for people who want to learn, is WELCOME.

Eye. I don't belittle your input. It's good, but I must sit down calmly to investigate and learn a little more to assimilate the information. However... I am awaiting your second contribution about protein, because I think it answers this concern of what to eat for a healthy diet.

Greetings and blessings.
👍  
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