<div class="text-justify">Saludos mis queridos amigos de Hive, sirva el presente post para continuar compartiendo con la comunidad científica de esta plataforma información sobre el análisis químico de los alimentos, procedimientos muy importantes para determinar la calidad de los mismos. <center> **_Fuente: Imagen diseñada por @yusvelasquez, utilizando la imagen de dominio público: [alimentos](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alimentos.jpg)._**</center> La determinación de nitrógeno como parámetro fisicoquímico es fundamental en diferentes áreas, como en suelos, cultivos, cuerpos de agua y alimentos, siendo en este último de suma importancia ya que utiliza para medir el contenido de proteínas en una amplia gama de productos, como carnes, lácteos, bebidas y cereales; y las proteínas son macronutrientes fundamentales para una dieta saludable, siendo indispensables su aporte para el desarrollo de músculos y tejidos, por lo que en gran medida determinan el valor de un determinado producto, para nosotros y para la industria alimenticia. En general, casi todos los alimentos contienen proteínas, y después de un análisis químico de los productos, se puede establecer su valor nutritivo de los mismos, por lo que los métodos analíticos son indispensables en esta área. Y con este propósito el método Kjeldahl es uno de los procesos de análisis químico más empleados para determinar el contenido en nitrógeno de una sustancia, ya que permite medir la suma del nitrógeno presente en una muestra en sus diversas formas, orgánicas como proteínas, ácidos nucleicos en diversos estados de degradación, aminas, etc; e inorgánicas como iones amonio, nitrato y nitrito[1]. ## Como llega el nitrógeno a los alimentos En la siguiente figura se muestra el ciclo del nitrógeno en la naturaleza. <center> **_Ciclo del nitrógeno. Fuente: [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ciclo_del_Nitr%C3%B3geno.png)._**</center> Aquí podemos observar la forma en que se genera el nitrógeno orgánico en la biomasa, reaccionando con el agua y luz disponible en la atmósfera para formar primero la proteína vegetal mediante la acción de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno que se encargan de incorporarlo al suelo, así es aprovechado por las plantas y luego pasa a los animales de producción. Las proteínas animales y vegetales forman parte de la cadena alimentaria humana, y el ciclo continua cuando el nitrógeno de las proteínas es excretado y convertido en nitrógeno gaseosa que llega de nuevo a la atmósfera[2]. Estos procesos producen macromoléculas complejas compuestas de varias cadenas de aminoácidos. La estructura básica resulta primero de la concatenación simple de aminoácidos mediante la llamada unión péptida entre la función ácida y el grupo de aminas de los componentes por separado, luego resultan secuencias de cadenas de aminoácidos que se almacenan conjuntamente en estructuras tridimensionales más complejas[2]. Y como el nitrógeno en los alimentos únicamente está integrado en estas cadenas de aminoácidos de las proteínas, la determinación del nitrógeno mediante un análisis químico permite establecer una relación entre la cantidad de proteínas contenida y el contenido de nitrógeno. Conociendo el contenido de nitrógeno mediante el análisis químico, el cálculo de contenido de proteínas procede de forma aritmética mediante el llamado factor de proteínas, determinados y establecidos mediante convenios internacionales. Informar al consumidor del contenido de proteína en los alimentos, junto con otros datos, es obligatorio. <center> **_Ejemplo de la impresión de datos de valor nutritivo en un producto. Fuente: @yusvelasquez._**</center> ## Fundamento del método Kjeldahl Este método es el más común utilizado para la determinación de nitrógeno, y se basa en un titulación ácido-base. Se emplea previamente una digestión ácida de las proteínas y otros compuestos orgánicos presente en los alimentos en una mezcla de ácido sulfúrico y en presencia de catalizadores. El nitrógeno total contenido en la muestra se convierte en sulfato de amonio mediante esta digestión, luego la mezcla digerida se neutraliza con exceso de hidróxido de sodio lo que genera amoniaco, el cual se destila y se titula para determinar el contenido de nitrógeno en la muestra. ## Método La determinación del contenido de nitrógeno mediante el método Kjeldahl esta descrito en múltiples normativas y métodos oficiales, como la 2062 de AOAC, en Venezuela se describe en la norma COVENIN 1195-80[3]. ### Materiales y reactivos Balanza analítica Matraces de Kjeldahl con capacidad de 500 mL Aparato de digestión Plancha calefactora Bureta de 50 mL Matraces y pipetas Ácido Sulfúrico 93-98% de pureza Solución de NaOH 40% Indicador mixto, especial para titulaciones de amoniaco Catalizador Kjeldahl Sulfato potásico Ácido bórico, solución al 4% ### Preparación de la muestra Las muestras del material sólido, como harinas y granos, que contengan partículas gruesas, se muelen en un molinillo limpio hasta un tamaño de partícula no mayor a 1 mm. Para pesar la muestra a ensayar se estima el contenido proteico de la misma, ejemplo: 0,7 a 1,5 g para materiales con alto contenido proteico (productos de origen animal y oleaginoso), y 1,5 g para materiales con bajo contenido proteico (como cereales). Paralelamente se realiza un blanco de los reactivos, el nitrógeno obtenido en el blanco se resta del obtenido para la muestra. ### Procedimiento #### _Digestión:_ El objetivo de este procedimiento es romper todos los enlaces de nitrógeno, y convertir todo el nitrógeno orgánico presente en la muestra en iones amonio [NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. Se añade la muestra al matraz, e inmediatamente se agrega el catalizador y se vierten aproximadamente 15 g de sulfato potásico y 25 mL de ácido sulfúrico. Se coloca el matraz sobre una plancha para suministrar calor, la digestión se realiza a temperaturas entre 350 y 400 °C, se debe procurar evitar la ebullición violenta, ayuda colocar el matraz en una manta de calefacción y un poco inclinado y se hace girar de vez en cuando. El proceso que tiene lugar se describe mediante la siguiente reacción:  Se considera que la digestión ha terminado cuando la solución ácido se ha aclarado. Luego se deja enfriar hasta temperatura ambiente bajo campana. <center> **_Digestión de la muestra. Fuente: @yusvelasquez._**</center> #### _Destilación:_ Este proceso consiste en convertir los iones amonio en amoniaco (NH<sub>3</sub>) mediante la adición del NaOH, y el amoniaco se destila sobre un volumen conocido de ácido bórico, recuperando el condensado en un Erlenmeyer. Las reacciones que tienen lugar son las siguientes:  Para este proceso, en un Erlenmeyer de boca ancha destinado a recoger el destilado se vierten 50 mL de la solución saturada de ácido bórico y se agregan de 6 a 8 gotas del indicador de titulación (una mezcla de rojo de metilo y azul de metileno). Este recipiente se coloca al extremo del tubo condensador del aparato de destilación, procurando que el tubo quede sumergido en el líquido. Al matraz con la muestra se añaden 100 mL de NaOH al 40% y de inmediato se conecta al aparato de destilación, y se da inicio conectando la manta de calentamiento. <center> **_Montaje para la destilación de la muestra. Fuente: @yusvelasquez._**</center> Cuando el amoníaco reacciona con el ácido bórico, se observa el cambio de color de azul intenso a verde, indicando la presencia de nitrógeno en la muestra analizada. <center> **_Viraje de color del indicador. Fuente: @yusvelasquez._**</center> Cuando se hayan recolectado 150 mL de destilado en el Erlenmeyer se retira con cuidado del aparato y se interrumpe el proceso apagando el calentamiento. #### _Titulación_ Se titula el anión borato, ya que viene a ser proporcional a la cantidad de nitrógeno contenido en la muestra.  Para ello, se titula el destilado obtenido con una solución de ácido sulfúrico 0,1 N hasta obtener un cambio de color a azul intenso. <center> **_Titulación de la muestra hasta el cambio de color. Fuente: @yusvelasquez._**</center> ## Expresión de los resultados Para calcular el contenido de nitrógeno se utiliza la siguiente expresión:  Donde: V = volumen de la corregido de la solución de ácido sulfúrico gastado en la titulación, en mL. N = normalidad del ácido sulfúrico 1,4 es el factor para el peso atómico del nitrógeno M = peso de la muestra del ensayo Para calcular el contenido de proteína se utiliza la siguiente expresión:  El factor de conversión de proteínas se puede encontrar estipulado en las referidas normas, por ejemplo, en la siguiente tabla se muestran los valores de este factor para algunas proteínas. <center>**_Tabla n° 1. Factores de proteína para algunos algunos alimentos._**  _Datos tomados de la norma COVENIN 1195-80._</center> ## Conclusión y aporte El contenido de nitrógeno es un parámetro muy importante para determinar el valor nutricional de los alimentos, también es un parámetro muy importante para determinar la calidad de otros aspectos, como cultivos y aguas naturales y residuales, siendo una medición muy común realizada en cualquier laboratorio de análisis químico; por lo que el aprendizaje descrito es fundamental para asegurar la calidad de este diversos productos. --- **_Bueno amigos, hasta aquí el presente post, espero que les haya gustado la información presentada. Recuerden la importancia que tienen los métodos analíticos en el control de calidad de los alimentos. !Hasta la próxima!_** --- ## Referencias 1. HANNA Instruments. [Determinación de nitrógeno Kjeldahl.](https://www.hannacolombia.com/blog/post/85/determinacion-nitrogeno-total-kjeldahl) 2. Cientisol.com. [Determinación de nitrógeno y proteínas en alimentos.](http://www.cientisol.com/blog/101-determinacion-de-nitrogeno-y-proteinas-en-alimentos-y-piensos) 3. PanReac Química SLU. Determinación de nitrógeno por el método Kjeldahl. [Documento en línea](https://www.itwreagents.com/uploads/20180122/A173_ES.pdf) 4. Norma COVENIN 1195-80. Alimentos. Determinación de nitrógeno. </div>
| author | yusvelasquez |
|---|---|
| permlink | determinacion-de-nitrogeno-y-proteinas-en-alimentos-metodo-kjeldahl |
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| voter | 0 | 51,119,547 | 100% | ||
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| morwhale | 0 | 1,609,108,124 | 100% | ||
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| jeffandhisguitar | 0 | 10,987,324,865 | 50% | ||
| fredkese | 0 | 5,572,479,969 | 11% | ||
| jasimg | 0 | 42,238,316,914 | 100% | ||
| drmake | 0 | 4,875,001,930 | 4.22% | ||
| travoved | 0 | 561,872,805 | 50% | ||
| cataluz | 0 | 3,077,464,475 | 4.22% | ||
| smitop | 0 | 6,368,473,800 | 100% | ||
| sameer777 | 0 | 466,413,159 | 100% | ||
| sarmitirajaa | 0 | 548,716,164 | 100% | ||
| ecuaminte | 0 | 780,285,259 | 6.33% | ||
| danile666 | 0 | 10,418,864,397 | 8.02% | ||
| aboutcoolscience | 0 | 16,376,525,446 | 65% | ||
| pechichemena | 0 | 1,064,975,950 | 1.69% | ||
| amestyj | 0 | 26,675,636,979 | 100% | ||
| mhm-philippines | 0 | 571,659,738 | 4.22% | ||
| traf | 0 | 2,809,081,754,758 | 100% | ||
| skycae | 0 | 1,094,514,672 | 8.45% | ||
| brutledge | 0 | 564,292,076 | 4.22% | ||
| egotheist | 0 | 1,229,238,121 | 6.5% | ||
| kenadis | 0 | 17,760,937,721 | 65% | ||
| esaia.mystic | 0 | 530,060,438 | 8.45% | ||
| fermentedphil | 0 | 21,706,348,251 | 100% | ||
| madridbg | 0 | 11,576,596,900 | 32.5% | ||
| robotics101 | 0 | 19,192,763,944 | 65% | ||
| marcolino76 | 0 | 809,265,138 | 4.22% | ||
| onemedia | 0 | 885,338,526 | 8.45% | ||
| iptrucs | 0 | 37,077,586,843 | 25% | ||
| howiemac | 0 | 758,825,806 | 4.22% | ||
| stevenson7 | 0 | 762,592,655 | 4.22% | ||
| thescubageek | 0 | 591,419,092 | 4.22% | ||
| najat | 0 | 3,288,728,678 | 100% | ||
| fejiro | 0 | 816,127,913 | 32.5% | ||
| bellaian | 0 | 1,624,435,898 | 70% | ||
| zipsardinia | 0 | 1,832,760,937 | 8.45% | ||
| d-vine | 0 | 9,219,302,553 | 17% | ||
| danaedwards | 0 | 1,073,439,855 | 8.45% | ||
| dechastre | 0 | 917,837,079 | 4.22% | ||
| sonofsatoshi | 0 | 107,480,022 | 50% | ||
| sco | 0 | 52,868,383,355 | 65% | ||
| phgnomo | 0 | 1,096,950,098 | 4.22% | ||
| ennyta | 0 | 993,997,127 | 50% | ||
| stahlberg | 0 | 1,963,320,897 | 4.22% | ||
| gabrielatravels | 0 | 3,221,538,081 | 1.69% | ||
| cordeta | 0 | 1,388,206,616 | 8.45% | ||
| reizak | 0 | 776,938,374 | 3.38% | ||
| vjap55 | 0 | 1,246,132,331 | 100% | ||
| carn | 0 | 2,219,562,146 | 8.45% | ||
| eliaschess333 | 0 | 5,305,741,805 | 50% | ||
| shoganaii | 0 | 827,639,849 | 32.5% | ||
| iamjadeline | 0 | 2,864,455,003 | 1.26% | ||
| intrepidphotos | 0 | 2,496,618,692,965 | 48.75% | ||
| fineartnow | 0 | 4,606,534,298 | 4.22% | ||
| hijosdelhombre | 0 | 38,912,279,758 | 40% | ||
| hdmed.dev | 0 | 569,081,779 | 100% | ||
| bobydimitrov | 0 | 660,708,558 | 6.33% | ||
| steemvault | 0 | 3,084,254,707 | 8.45% | ||
| lonelywolf | 0 | 597,963,543 | 100% | ||
| shinedojo | 0 | 1,039,991,037 | 8.45% | ||
| fragmentarion | 0 | 13,286,235,026 | 65% | ||
| gaming.yer | 0 | 1,717,775,474 | 100% | ||
| bennettitalia | 0 | 1,973,763,080 | 2.11% | ||
| hadji | 0 | 21,973,264,439 | 100% | ||
| utube | 0 | 6,602,582,504 | 8.45% | ||
| wanderlass | 0 | 968,707,612 | 4.22% | ||
| unicron | 0 | 3,470,579,693 | 90% | ||
| terrylovejoy | 0 | 12,597,698,552 | 26% | ||
| neneandy | 0 | 9,790,902,782 | 8.45% | ||
| pab.ink | 0 | 30,230,890,651 | 32.5% | ||
| goldrooster | 0 | 16,931,003,561 | 4.22% | ||
| real2josh | 0 | 610,358,310 | 32.5% | ||
| soufiani | 0 | 6,111,540,644 | 3.38% | ||
| sportscontest | 0 | 5,386,325,388 | 8.45% | ||
| giddyupngo | 0 | 1,393,498,783 | 4.22% | ||
| steepup | 0 | 820,537,930 | 26% | ||
| gribouille | 0 | 2,944,436,812 | 65% | ||
| pandasquad | 0 | 2,199,760,481 | 8.45% | ||
| leoumesh | 0 | 475,392,503 | 8.45% | ||
| stemng | 0 | 43,870,869,026 | 65% | ||
| kingabesh | 0 | 1,265,629,138 | 32.5% | ||
| silentscreamer | 0 | 13,199,665,715 | 100% | ||
| miguelangel2801 | 0 | 796,864,349 | 50% | ||
| mproxima | 0 | 1,843,841,613 | 4.22% | ||
| fantasycrypto | 0 | 5,668,314,246 | 4.22% | ||
| didic | 0 | 3,861,506,511 | 4.22% | ||
| careassaktart | 0 | 579,980,256 | 2.53% | ||
| operahoser | 0 | 785,705,260 | 1.26% | ||
| emiliomoron | 0 | 34,906,397,729 | 50% | ||
| beverages | 0 | 16,775,199,285 | 4.22% | ||
| obamike | 0 | 625,114,303 | 32.5% | ||
| dexterdev | 0 | 2,327,334,481 | 32.5% | ||
| nwjordan | 0 | 1,296,864,308 | 8.45% | ||
| themonkeyzuelans | 0 | 856,990,470 | 4.22% | ||
| verhp11 | 0 | 1,109,863,485 | 1% | ||
| oghie | 0 | 837,197,872 | 50% | ||
| zelenicic | 0 | 3,537,577,543 | 100% | ||
| photohunt | 0 | 9,397,124,526 | 8.45% | ||
| geopolis | 0 | 4,345,854,341 | 65% | ||
| chungsu1 | 0 | 1,257,634,122 | 4.22% | ||
| robertbira | 0 | 7,038,210,107 | 16.25% | ||
| stk-g | 0 | 1,871,777,757 | 8.45% | ||
| the.chiomz | 0 | 704,632,156 | 35.75% | ||
| alexdory | 0 | 79,712,210,068 | 65% | ||
| irgendwo | 0 | 104,259,722,574 | 100% | ||
| vegan.niinja | 0 | 576,734,020 | 4.22% | ||
| flugschwein | 0 | 2,025,203,943 | 55.25% | ||
| charitybot | 0 | 4,659,646,621 | 100% | ||
| lightflares | 0 | 2,477,664,724 | 4.22% | ||
| cyprianj | 0 | 13,101,981,232 | 65% | ||
| bertrayo | 0 | 1,021,856,703 | 4.22% | ||
| doikao | 0 | 70,818,740,591 | 8.45% | ||
| francostem | 0 | 9,053,939,625 | 65% | ||
| russellstockley | 0 | 1,040,173,663 | 2.11% | ||
| kitalee | 0 | 4,337,869,433 | 4.22% | ||
| endopediatria | 0 | 695,806,150 | 20% | ||
| forester-joe | 0 | 703,409,215 | 1.5% | ||
| chrislybear | 0 | 12,524,933,414 | 65% | ||
| vicesrus | 0 | 13,721,810,709 | 4.22% | ||
| croctopus | 0 | 1,570,410,912 | 100% | ||
| zipporah | 0 | 4,283,123,263 | 1.69% | ||
| joelagbo | 0 | 10,108,000,504 | 32.5% | ||
| hadley4 | 0 | 798,585,197 | 8.45% | ||
| idkpdx | 0 | 19,530,703 | 4.22% | ||
| superlotto | 0 | 14,948,616,865 | 8.45% | ||
| djoi | 0 | 2,972,981,678 | 32.5% | ||
| frassman | 0 | 666,784,025 | 4.22% | ||
| norwegianbikeman | 0 | 4,449,611,743 | 5% | ||
| positiveninja | 0 | 1,286,563,342 | 4.22% | ||
| miroslavrc | 0 | 3,324,177,808 | 2.11% | ||
| bscrypto | 0 | 15,587,214,955 | 4.22% | ||
| movingman | 0 | 1,710,902,308 | 20% | ||
| delpilar | 0 | 934,959,443 | 25% | ||
| proto26 | 0 | 1,334,628,448 | 8.45% | ||
| tomastonyperez | 0 | 17,118,554,130 | 50% | ||
| marcus0alameda | 0 | 937,873,970 | 50% | ||
| bil.prag | 0 | 2,020,008,900 | 0.42% | ||
| elvigia | 0 | 11,208,926,182 | 50% | ||
| deltasteem | 0 | 551,625,812 | 4.22% | ||
| sanderjansenart | 0 | 7,301,776,999 | 4.22% | ||
| comidinhas | 0 | 691,989,971 | 100% | ||
| vittoriozuccala | 0 | 2,583,387,234 | 4.22% | ||
| koenau | 0 | 8,723,398,766 | 4.22% | ||
| qberry | 0 | 4,705,963,459 | 4.22% | ||
| frissonsteemit | 0 | 1,732,051,425 | 4.22% | ||
| lesmouths-travel | 0 | 5,249,518,530 | 65% | ||
| rambutan.art | 0 | 4,183,842,056 | 8.45% | ||
| paragism | 0 | 656,780,858 | 0.42% | ||
| greddyforce | 0 | 2,494,131,423 | 3.12% | ||
| foxon | 0 | 36,866,440,949 | 4.22% | ||
| flyerchen | 0 | 635,042,796 | 4.22% | ||
| braaiboy | 0 | 14,498,747,763 | 6.33% | ||
| blainjones | 0 | 1,392,289,372 | 1.69% | ||
| tonimontana | 0 | 8,123,805,414 | 100% | ||
| c0wtschpotato | 0 | 823,659,017 | 4.22% | ||
| chuuuckie | 0 | 26,634,163,622 | 32.5% | ||
| cryptocoinkb | 0 | 10,909,754,992 | 4.22% | ||
| gifty-e | 0 | 680,108,181 | 80% | ||
| scruffy23 | 0 | 20,179,931,114 | 50% | ||
| de-stem | 0 | 39,113,550,906 | 64.35% | ||
| serylt | 0 | 2,997,138,790 | 63.7% | ||
| gogreenbuddy | 0 | 47,905,389,551 | 37.5% | ||
| misia1979 | 0 | 1,172,806,186 | 4.22% | ||
| josedelacruz | 0 | 9,306,486,776 | 50% | ||
| chairmanlee | 0 | 6,531,718,923 | 1.69% | ||
| quochuy | 0 | 125,190,552,825 | 7.13% | ||
| charitymemes | 0 | 534,455,708 | 100% | ||
| andrewharland | 0 | 4,196,208,763 | 8.45% | ||
| mariusfebruary | 0 | 39,283,465,015 | 3.38% | ||
| davidcentenor | 0 | 1,817,476,499 | 4.22% | ||
| outtheshellvlog | 0 | 1,263,698,274 | 4.22% | ||
| sawyn | 0 | 1,026,337,783 | 4.22% | ||
| josebenavente | 0 | 526,721,061 | 4.22% | ||
| menoski | 0 | 820,893,216 | 32.5% | ||
| meanbees | 0 | 118,566,851,907 | 32.5% | ||
| michaelwrites | 0 | 858,752,283 | 32.5% | ||
| srijana-gurung | 0 | 2,006,320,330 | 4.22% | ||
| indigoocean | 0 | 17,011,576,860 | 4.22% | ||
| incubot | 0 | 8,944,326,295 | 6.33% | ||
| beco132 | 0 | 630,020,625 | 4.22% | ||
| deholt | 0 | 3,799,891,327 | 55.25% | ||
| veteranforcrypto | 0 | 2,492,119,723 | 1.85% | ||
| anneporter | 0 | 695,390,226 | 19.5% | ||
| playdice | 0 | 1,184,491,571 | 3.16% | ||
| romeskie | 0 | 304,203,615,669 | 30% | ||
| kamalamezwar | 0 | 595,901,750 | 100% | ||
| mightynick | 0 | 1,555,058,952 | 1.69% | ||
| gwilberiol | 0 | 13,850,705,591 | 7.6% | ||
| netzisde | 0 | 11,132,945,464 | 8.45% | ||
| diabonua | 0 | 1,615,964,051 | 4.22% | ||
| hafizullah | 0 | 13,768,070,842 | 10% | ||
| edanya | 0 | 701,052,930 | 4.22% | ||
| jmjury | 0 | 1,401,318,296 | 4.22% | ||
| stevenwood | 0 | 2,621,405,732 | 2.81% | ||
| enforcer48 | 0 | 135,920,279,952 | 15% | ||
| temitayo-pelumi | 0 | 5,219,933,780 | 65% | ||
| andrick | 0 | 866,365,209 | 50% | ||
| yusvelasquez | 0 | 13,951,525,931 | 50% | ||
| motherofalegend | 0 | 8,452,295,011 | 32.5% | ||
| doctor-cog-diss | 0 | 2,660,263,732 | 65% | ||
| dailyspam | 0 | 6,066,315,859 | 50% | ||
| marcuz | 0 | 2,318,177,077 | 32.5% | ||
| pialejoana | 0 | 1,384,599,710 | 4.22% | ||
| uche-nna | 0 | 8,658,253,601 | 6.76% | ||
| myfreebtc | 0 | 1,049,406,892 | 6.76% | ||
| vietthuy | 0 | 2,200,964,969 | 50% | ||
| schroders | 0 | 3,443,110,614 | 2.53% | ||
| anaestrada12 | 0 | 22,461,590,810 | 100% | ||
| dzoji | 0 | 1,540,679,144 | 8.45% | ||
| hardaeborla | 0 | 551,327,454 | 4.22% | ||
| barbz | 0 | 84,375,659,863 | 100% | ||
| council | 0 | 632,820,813 | 8.45% | ||
| yougotavote | 0 | 2,537,151,966 | 100% | ||
| cryptocopy | 0 | 730,041,462 | 4.22% | ||
| cheese4ead | 0 | 6,723,322,767 | 4.22% | ||
| carolinaelly | 0 | 2,670,846,110 | 100% | ||
| longer | 0 | 910,276,297 | 2.11% | ||
| suonghuynh | 0 | 166,890,689 | 5.9% | ||
| blewitt | 0 | 10,632,076,751 | 0.42% | ||
| drsensor | 0 | 1,425,971,008 | 52% | ||
| khasa | 0 | 24,532,091,117 | 50% | ||
| soulsdetour | 0 | 1,972,886,791 | 8.45% | ||
| thinkwise | 0 | 1,087,585,995 | 1.69% | ||
| ilovecryptopl | 0 | 1,396,384,138 | 6.76% | ||
| mindblast | 0 | 9,513,594,800 | 4.22% | ||
| lexilee | 0 | 9,975,464,401 | 1.69% | ||
| militaryphoto | 0 | 4,480,589,199 | 1.69% | ||
| urdreamscometrue | 0 | 1,493,026,102 | 100% | ||
| yisunshin | 0 | 5,914,890,885 | 1.69% | ||
| airforce | 0 | 4,598,012,197 | 1.69% | ||
| rokarmy | 0 | 4,118,569,073 | 1.69% | ||
| roknavy | 0 | 1,270,742,119 | 1.69% | ||
| rokairforce | 0 | 51,132,778,468 | 1.69% | ||
| esteliopadilla | 0 | 6,806,480,369 | 100% | ||
| bflanagin | 0 | 4,016,985,785 | 4.22% | ||
| ubaldonet | 0 | 1,863,328,533 | 70% | ||
| armandosodano | 0 | 30,318,920,768 | 4.22% | ||
| melor9 | 0 | 848,155,764 | 4.22% | ||
| yourmind | 0 | 12,660,899,773 | 100% | ||
| sadbear | 0 | 1,511,119,059 | 4.22% | ||
| call-me-howie | 0 | 792,329,129 | 4.22% | ||
| marivic10 | 0 | 810,574,184 | 4.22% | ||
| hansmast | 0 | 693,084,817 | 4.22% | ||
| viruk | 0 | 664,170,731 | 8.45% | ||
| goblinknackers | 0 | 157,848,330,823 | 4% | ||
| smartvote | 0 | 66,350,885,421 | 3.1% | ||
| jk6276 | 0 | 420,610,683 | 5% | ||
| reinaseq | 0 | 6,485,278,166 | 100% | ||
| honeycup-waters | 0 | 820,917,931 | 4.22% | ||
| yaelg | 0 | 1,337,476,944 | 2.53% | ||
| kylealex | 0 | 4,810,644,010 | 10% | ||
| arnilarn | 0 | 586,366,927 | 8.45% | ||
| cubapl | 0 | 2,893,810,301 | 32.5% | ||
| orlandogonzalez | 0 | 4,815,095,849 | 25% | ||
| minimining | 0 | 2,355,979,681 | 4.22% | ||
| loveforlove | 0 | 1,557,996,656 | 65% | ||
| mobi72 | 0 | 654,127,861 | 4.22% | ||
| spoke | 0 | 10,347,935,152 | 6.76% | ||
| fran.frey | 0 | 4,214,477,344 | 50% | ||
| perpetuum-lynx | 0 | 1,974,939,473 | 63.7% | ||
| pboulet | 0 | 36,238,520,906 | 32.5% | ||
| marcocasario | 0 | 16,728,572,410 | 4.22% | ||
| stem-espanol | 0 | 85,222,368,829 | 100% | ||
| alexxxdada | 0 | 1,310,422,244 | 100% | ||
| aleestra | 0 | 16,300,940,225 | 80% | ||
| pocketjs | 0 | 118,117,487 | 24.63% | ||
| the.success.club | 0 | 3,281,158,563 | 4.22% | ||
| chickenmeat | 0 | 1,770,577,768 | 4.22% | ||
| javier.dejuan | 0 | 3,814,901,579 | 65% | ||
| amansharma555 | 0 | 595,961,049 | 100% | ||
| sincensura | 0 | 1,039,990,782 | 100% | ||
| jackofcrows | 0 | 2,021,605,153 | 4.22% | ||
| meanroosterfarm | 0 | 13,581,898,675 | 32.5% | ||
| tommyl33 | 0 | 1,135,854,879 | 4.22% | ||
| besheda | 0 | 1,640,497,862 | 65% | ||
| dubignyp | 0 | 1,068,196,838 | 20% | ||
| brianoflondon | 0 | 15,837,464,933 | 1.26% | ||
| reverseacid | 0 | 848,411,841 | 4.22% | ||
| giulyfarci52 | 0 | 1,722,948,742 | 50% | ||
| esthersanchez | 0 | 7,864,655,385 | 60% | ||
| monkaydee293 | 0 | 639,967,865 | 4.22% | ||
| abneagro | 0 | 17,522,389,386 | 100% | ||
| alvin0617 | 0 | 767,538,381 | 4.22% | ||
| adalger | 0 | 31,114,398,037 | 2% | ||
| solarphasing | 0 | 540,478,098 | 5% | ||
| cakemonster | 0 | 11,064,045,553 | 8.45% | ||
| themightysquid | 0 | 3,069,633,244 | 100% | ||
| cowpatty | 0 | 1,274,343,060 | 32.5% | ||
| stem.witness | 0 | 203,637,457,172 | 65% | ||
| hiddendragon | 0 | 636,113,038 | 38% | ||
| pandapuzzles | 0 | 1,381,199,094 | 100% | ||
| theskmeister | 0 | 42,098,449,521 | 100% | ||
| autobodhi | 0 | 862,335,991 | 8.45% | ||
| samks | 0 | 529,801,329 | 4.22% | ||
| robmojo | 0 | 15,814,291,903 | 6.5% | ||
| double-negative | 0 | 528,622,593 | 20% | ||
| wilmer14molina | 0 | 5,531,790,688 | 100% | ||
| bit4bit | 0 | 30,826,466,246 | 8.45% | ||
| michaias | 0 | 2,096,373,620 | 75% | ||
| jacuzzi | 0 | 3,352,116,788 | 4.22% | ||
| vaultec | 0 | 2,945,994,870 | 12% | ||
| steemstorage | 0 | 10,198,687,085 | 8.45% | ||
| aqua.nano | 0 | 16,047,656,686 | 100% | ||
| steemegg | 0 | 802,830,178 | 2.11% | ||
| navyactifit | 0 | 73,913,336,595 | 3.38% | ||
| jtm.support | 0 | 4,879,542,746 | 65% | ||
| juanbg | 0 | 1,569,879,609 | 10% | ||
| crowdwitness | 0 | 31,340,273,499 | 32.5% | ||
| baasdebeer | 0 | 854,469,885 | 6.33% | ||
| qei | 0 | 592,499,697 | 100% | ||
| steemtelly | 0 | 6,386,579,653 | 24.63% | ||
| hairgistix | 0 | 4,321,478,218 | 4.22% | ||
| rem-steem | 0 | 3,215,029,668 | 1.69% | ||
| cooperfelix | 0 | 1,582,812,901 | 15% | ||
| limka | 0 | 415,646,575 | 100% | ||
| peter-bot | 0 | 1,093,035,313 | 100% | ||
| ava77 | 0 | 563,333,984 | 5.91% | ||
| bluemaskman | 0 | 810,503,401 | 4.22% | ||
| abbenay | 0 | 3,588,051,713 | 16.25% | ||
| cryptological | 0 | 1,215,368,159 | 4.22% | ||
| afternoondrinks | 0 | 876,443,868 | 6.33% | ||
| proxy-pal | 0 | 1,419,359,043 | 7.18% | ||
| quentinvb | 0 | 529,948,965 | 100% | ||
| janyasai | 0 | 7,815,298,169 | 40% | ||
| breakout101 | 0 | 1,039,433,608 | 4.22% | ||
| ilanisnapshots | 0 | 553,852,029 | 6.33% | ||
| jackramsey | 0 | 1,194,722,641 | 5.91% | ||
| filosof103 | 0 | 1,799,674,378 | 4.22% | ||
| elements5 | 0 | 2,496,893,329 | 4.22% | ||
| epicdice | 0 | 17,737,386,360 | 2.53% | ||
| sallhiddles | 0 | 9,491,231,911 | 100% | ||
| iamsaray | 0 | 1,850,613,126 | 4.22% | ||
| endersong | 0 | 868,529,203 | 8.45% | ||
| helgalubevi | 0 | 1,250,844,321 | 5% | ||
| deeanndmathews | 0 | 2,728,093,671 | 4.22% | ||
| pearltwin | 0 | 4,828,276,293 | 1.69% | ||
| edencourage | 0 | 6,376,928,509 | 50% | ||
| robibasa | 0 | 15,778,884,497 | 10% | ||
| scholaris | 0 | 26,107,244,742 | 16.25% | ||
| miniteut | 0 | 679,986,865 | 32.5% | ||
| justlee87 | 0 | 1,963,695,512 | 75% | ||
| yourfuture | 0 | 2,622,557,910 | 45.5% | ||
| fractalfrank | 0 | 13,192,391,604 | 4.22% | ||
| rull14958 | 0 | 4,174,600,728 | 70% | ||
| rtron86 | 0 | 4,359,461,035 | 50% | ||
| waltermeth | 0 | 3,345,508,385 | 20% | ||
| walterprofe | 0 | 15,717,462,926 | 32.5% | ||
| zeruxanime | 0 | 6,345,953,256 | 32.5% | ||
| afarina46 | 0 | 1,807,547,017 | 32.5% | ||
| hutty | 0 | 742,087,041 | 100% | ||
| titan-c | 0 | 3,043,966,532 | 8.45% | ||
| waraira777 | 0 | 583,230,958 | 32.5% | ||
| denisdenis | 0 | 14,552,397,428 | 100% | ||
| mind.force | 0 | 1,335,794,596 | 2.11% | ||
| reggaesteem | 0 | 630,594,909 | 5% | ||
| stemgeeks | 0 | 14,945,994,995 | 75% | ||
| stemcuration | 0 | 2,772,208,018 | 75% | ||
| babytarazkp | 0 | 1,546,824,275 | 40% | ||
| liambu | 0 | 2,481,646,923 | 32.5% | ||
| abh12345.stem | 0 | 260,343,844 | 39% | ||
| nazer | 0 | 4,741,648,578 | 32.5% | ||
| kaeves4711 | 0 | 2,792,141,569 | 80% | ||
| rosana6 | 0 | 1,016,992,181 | 4.22% | ||
| mister.reatard | 0 | 5,876,532,571 | 50% | ||
| omegarojo827 | 0 | 2,529,844,283 | 100% | ||
| precarious | 0 | 4,514,117,451 | 50% | ||
| tyrionlens | 0 | 10,488,441,236 | 50% | ||
| daeshim | 0 | 11,915,239,568 | 100% | ||
| andylein | 0 | 15,911,452,227 | 20% | ||
| stemd | 0 | 322,838,367 | 100% | ||
| entrepreneur.one | 0 | 2,374,863,608 | 100% | ||
| behram | 0 | 9,568,225,424 | 50% | ||
| joshmania | 0 | 20,338,716,022 | 16.25% | ||
| writertales | 0 | 816,405,007 | 8.45% | ||
| steemstem-trig | 0 | 5,123,279,650 | 65% | ||
| herzinfuck | 0 | 3,903,474,578 | 4.22% | ||
| dmoonfire | 0 | 40,601,291,700 | 71% | ||
| yggdrasil.laguna | 0 | 372,902,746 | 75% | ||
| mowemu | 0 | 3,148,471,730 | 32.5% | ||
| cd-stem | 0 | 527,553,026 | 100% | ||
| ibt-survival | 0 | 38,835,329,338 | 10% | ||
| bella.bear | 0 | 1,803,778,037 | 4.22% | ||
| xerxes.alpha | 0 | 2,739,665,911 | 100% | ||
| delilhavores | 0 | 2,617,532,048 | 6.5% | ||
| pavelsku | 0 | 2,712,971,050 | 4.22% | ||
| hjmarseille | 0 | 6,742,741,757 | 45.5% | ||
| roamingsparrow | 0 | 4,393,918,844 | 6.33% | ||
| appics.tutorial | 0 | 28,731,809,181 | 100% | ||
| usualsidekick | 0 | 539,390,353 | 100% | ||
| crypto.currents | 0 | 701,078,696 | 100% | ||
| burnleoburn | 0 | 77,455,213 | 100% | ||
| gloriaolar | 0 | 4,121,265,365 | 4.22% | ||
| manic.calm | 0 | 961,591,772 | 100% | ||
| zappyzap | 0 | 1,110,526,174 | 100% | ||
| chireerocks.stem | 0 | 136,485,636 | 100% | ||
| eyeview | 0 | 471,236,002 | 100% | ||
| julesquirin | 0 | 2,941,441,350 | 20% | ||
| mengene | 0 | 3,126,255,630 | 32.5% | ||
| adrenalinejunkie | 0 | 12,336,005,400 | 100% | ||
| andreina57 | 0 | 1,356,562,713 | 32.5% | ||
| euc | 0 | 4,306,386,122 | 19% | ||
| almightymelon | 0 | 965,208,649 | 4.22% | ||
| stuntman.mike | 0 | 45,075,648,210 | 100% | ||
| fsm-core | 0 | 9,695,933,189 | 50% | ||
| solcycler | 0 | 805,055,697 | 32.5% | ||
| hornetsnest | 0 | 7,778,679,075 | 4.22% | ||
| alphahippie | 0 | 754,200,085 | 32.5% | ||
| stemsocial | 0 | 13,494,256,380 | 65% | ||
| peterpanpan | 0 | 2,065,425,297 | 1.69% | ||
| veeart | 0 | 58,671,428,391 | 100% | ||
| holoferncro | 0 | 16,343,444,372 | 25% | ||
| maitt87 | 0 | 10,270,092,618 | 32.5% | ||
| gradeon | 0 | 780,511,988 | 8.45% | ||
| hiveonboard | 0 | 6,657,483,290 | 4.22% | ||
| nockzonk | 0 | 990,392,997 | 10% | ||
| rihc94 | 0 | 1,053,414,032 | 4.22% | ||
| localgrower | 0 | 12,057,132,371 | 7.8% | ||
| shinyrygaming | 0 | 3,127,263,964 | 32.5% | ||
| danielapevs | 0 | 1,114,433,192 | 4.22% | ||
| hive-101493 | 0 | 2,421,897,691 | 32.5% | ||
| crysis | 0 | 11,946,082,562 | 100% | ||
| iamyohann | 0 | 8,960,666,917 | 30% | ||
| dna.org | 0 | 26,662,622,742 | 20% | ||
| jsalvage | 0 | 3,720,057,877 | 32.5% | ||
| p3ntar0u | 0 | 4,161,583,010 | 100% | ||
| mercurial9 | 0 | 16,418,412,967 | 100% | ||
| spirall | 0 | 842,172,467 | 4.22% | ||
| tinta-tertuang | 0 | 629,936,657 | 4.22% | ||
| jonalyn2020 | 0 | 1,046,926,278 | 15% | ||
| jpvmoney | 0 | 1,586,800,300 | 4.22% | ||
| bitcome | 0 | 810,714,467 | 32.5% | ||
| ctpsb | 0 | 36,975,063,552 | 2% | ||
| gonklavez9 | 0 | 660,178,454 | 65% | ||
| dorkpower | 0 | 1,382,458,620 | 39% | ||
| chucknun | 0 | 858,957,828 | 2.11% | ||
| joshuabbey | 0 | 523,493,011 | 4.22% | ||
| lowlightart | 0 | 1,362,252,575 | 5.07% | ||
| cosplay.hadr | 0 | 979,309,185 | 4.22% | ||
| hadrgames | 0 | 1,026,812,012 | 4.22% | ||
| maar | 0 | 976,989,478 | 65% | ||
| joey1989 | 0 | 814,879,370 | 4.22% | ||
| yaluna | 0 | 7,637,736,736 | 60% | ||
| brofund-stem | 0 | 2,042,537,912 | 75% | ||
| rikarivka | 0 | 2,479,647,648 | 100% | ||
| stemline | 0 | 9,865,520,524 | 100% | ||
| he-index | 0 | 17,182,735,529 | 30% | ||
| meestemboom | 0 | 1,179,065,973 | 37.5% | ||
| academiccuration | 0 | 833,252,778 | 100% | ||
| ctpsb.stem | 0 | 409,565,711 | 60% | ||
| hivehabits | 0 | 4,522,744,154 | 100% |
<div class='text-justify'> <div class='pull-left'> <img src='https://stem.openhive.network/images/stemsocialsupport7.png'> </div> Thanks for your contribution to the STEMsocial community. Feel free to join us on discord to get to know the rest of us! Please consider <a href="https://hivesigner.com/sign/update-proposal-votes?proposal_ids=%5B91%5D&approve=true">supporting our funding proposal</a>, <a href="https://hivesigner.com/sign/account_witness_vote?approve=1&witness=stem.witness">approving our witness</a> (@stem.witness) or delegating to the @stemsocial account (for some ROI). Please consider using the <a href='https://stem.openhive.network'>STEMsocial app</a> app and including @stemsocial as a beneficiary to get a stronger support. <br /> <br />
| author | steemstem |
|---|---|
| permlink | re-yusvelasquez-determinacion-de-nitrogeno-y-proteinas-en-alimentos-metodo-kjeldahl-20201222t013134971z |
| category | hive-196387 |
| json_metadata | {"app":"stemsocial"} |
| created | 2020-12-22 01:31:36 |
| last_update | 2020-12-22 01:31:36 |
| depth | 1 |
| children | 0 |
| last_payout | 2020-12-29 01:31:36 |
| cashout_time | 1969-12-31 23:59:59 |
| total_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
| curator_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
| pending_payout_value | 0.000 HBD |
| promoted | 0.000 HBD |
| body_length | 778 |
| author_reputation | 262,017,435,115,313 |
| root_title | "Determinación de nitrógeno y proteínas en alimentos. Método Kjeldahl" |
| beneficiaries | [] |
| max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD |
| percent_hbd | 10,000 |
| post_id | 101,043,507 |
| net_rshares | 0 |
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