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author | victor26 |
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permlink | es-posible-distinguir-un-gemelo-criminal |
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title | "ΒΏEs Posible Distinguir un Gemelo Criminal?" |
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body | "<center> Parte I </center>
<center> ![140115132546_twins624.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmfT3Nf5Axvtk3Yp22BArd6oquZS92iFwfCsTdpRzkVkhj/140115132546_twins624.jpg) </center>
[Fuente](https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/01/140117_ciencia_finde_los_criminales_gemelos_no_estaran_a_salvo_mxa)
<div class="text-justify"> Una tranquila noche en Grand Rapids β Michigan, aΓ±o 1999, mientras una joven salΓa de su clase de Arte en Kendall College, fue seguida por un desconocido, luego forcejada y empujada dentro de un vehΓculo para al final ser violada y tirada en el parking, la policΓa sin poder dar con el responsable recolecto muestra de semen dejados en la ropa de la vΓctima, pero aun asΓ no pudieron dar con el culpable. 4 aΓ±os mΓ‘s tarde la policΓa atrapa a un individuo por otros delitos llamado Jerome Cooper, quien se le introdujo sus datos genΓ©ticos y se comprobΓ³ que los mismo coinciden con los del incidente de Gand Rapids. Al momento de levantar cargos por dicho incidente, se comprobΓ³ que Cooper tenΓa un hermano gemelo idΓ©ntico, llamado Tyrone, y que la muestras tambiΓ©n coincidΓan con el mismo, los cuales quedan absuelto por la fiscalΓa, ya que no hubo manera de identificar cual era el culpable, 20 aΓ±os despuΓ©s y el caso aΓΊn sigue abierto. Por lo que surgen varias preguntas: ΒΏEs posible distinguir un gemelo del otro?, ΒΏCΓ³mo hace el sistema de Justicia para determinar la soluciΓ³n de estos casos? Y ΒΏQuΓ© dice la ciencia? </div>
***************************
<div class="text-justify"> Un hecho con tres autores principales; una vΓctima, un culpable y un inocente, y una barrera que no permite identificar el culpable. En el caso de dos personas distintas, en su perfil genΓ©tico, se puede comprobar que sus genomas son el 99% iguales, pero en el caso de gemelos iguales es el 100%, por lo tanto, es imposible diferencia el uno del otro, por lo menos con el mΓ©todo habitual.</div>
<center> ![140117124648_gemelos_coopers_336x189_ap.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmXJMsSh7pRW1aoqqfLN3QD1C4PyVJnqUKV89UuWXpD5YA/140117124648_gemelos_coopers_336x189_ap.jpg) </center>
[Fuente](https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/01/140117_ciencia_finde_los_criminales_gemelos_no_estaran_a_salvo_mxa)
******************************
<center> ![adninformacion1200x565.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmdsNgxuwYfYAHKrb1Sz5918GXD9RXFVu2evxc2sg4RvY4/adn-informacion-1200x565.jpg) </center>
[Fuente](https://www.criogene.es/blog/que-informacion-contiene-adn/)
<div class="text-justify"> El anΓ‘lisis Forense de ADN, SurgiΓ³ en la dΓ©cada de los noventas, antes de la primera secuenciaciΓ³n del genoma humano, los cientΓficos en ese tiempo descubrieron que solo bastaba con un pequeΓ±o material genΓ©tico para distinguir a las personas, lo mismo se debe a que nuestros genomas contienen segmentos conocidos como βrepeticiones cortas en tΓ‘ndemβ (STR en sus siglas en ingles), los cuales mutan muchos mΓ‘s rΓ‘pidos que el resto de nuestro ADN, y debido a esta velocidad de mutaciΓ³n es que estos fragmentos genΓ©tico suelen variar de manera especΓfica de una persona a otra, los cientΓficos especificaron que con 13 STR era mΓ‘s que eficaz para coincidencias entre personas, la posibilidad de que dos personas tengan todas las STR idΓ©nticas es un caso de probabilidad de uno a un billΓ³n. Esta herramienta, el ADN, se volviΓ³ una utilidad para resolver casos tales como identificar delincuentes y resolver disputas de paternidad, pero esta herramienta, a pesar de su utilidad y fiabilidad, no puede diferenciar entre gemelos idΓ©nticos, y estos conducΓa a muchos casos delictivos o de conflictos a un callejΓ³n sin salida. </div>
************************
<center> Parte II </center>
<div class="text-justify"> Otro ejemplo, en el aΓ±o 2004, Holly Marie Adams gano demanda de reconocimiento de paternidad en Misuri para obtener la manutenciΓ³n de parte de Reymon Miller, en lo cual una prueba de ADN indico que el mismo era el padre, Miller apelo el fallo y Γ©l alego que tenΓa un hermano gemelo llamado Ricard Miller, y que la seΓ±ora Marie tuvo relaciones con su hermano tambiΓ©n; el ADN realizado a su hermano gemelo Ricard, tambiΓ©n arrojo resultados de parentesco con el niΓ±o, por lo que en este caso, la corte tuvo que valerse de otro tipo de evidencia, por ejemplo, cuando se embarazo la seΓ±ora para asΓ determinar quiΓ©n era el padre. </div>
*****************************
<div class="pull-left"> https://images.hive.blog/DQmVineypwoqRW4e7C3Jas9Qdvywobw1kzmdU7Y7iCueXdm/Krawczak_small.jpg </div>
<div class="text-justify"> En el aΓ±o 2000, el CientΓfico Michael Krawczak, Genista y actualmente profesor en la Universidad de Kiel, Alemania, Especializado en mapeo genΓ©tico y otras Γ‘reas de la genΓ©tica, y otros cientΓficos se plantearon la duda de que, si podΓan diferenciar a los gemelos idΓ©nticos analizando no solo 13 STR, lo cual esta prueba experimental fue un fracaso, por lo que aΓΊn era imposible diferenciar a los gemelos. βQuizΓ‘ nuestros experimentos con las STR fueron totalmente ingenuosβ manifestΓ³ Krawczak. A medida que pasaba el tiempo la secuencia de ADN iba bajando de costo, Kraeczak y sus compaΓ±eros se plantearon otra duda de que, si un anΓ‘lisis pudiera comparar no solo las STR, sino los genomas completos de los gemelos, ΒΏpodrΓa diferenciarlos? </div>
**********************************
<center> ![monozigotos640x472.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmTueSW72MemR2k72sUmAj6zVTicP7q3vihEShijMmgXuC/monozigotos-640x472.png) </center>
[Fuente](https://www.genome.gov/es/genetics-glossary/Gemelos-identicos)
<div class="text-justify"> Para entender cuΓ‘l fue el descubrimiento de Krawczak y sus colegas, debemos de partir de como es el proceso de formaciΓ³n de los gemelos al momento de ser concedidos, por ejemplo, Los mellizos se originan cuando dos espermas y dos ovulos (zigoto) se implementan en el ΓΊtero, estos gemelos no idΓ©nticos tienen perfiles genΓ©ticos distintos y pueden ser diferenciados tal y como si fueran dos personas cualquieras, por otro lado, en el caso de dos gemelos idΓ©nticos un solo espermatozoide se divide en dos con un solo ovulo. Por esta razΓ³n, en principio, es que tienen el mismo genoma. Por lo que es imposible diferenciarlos por secuencia de ADN. ΒΏEntonces, como se puede diferenciar un gemelo del otro? una vez formado el zigoto este comienza una divisiΓ³n de cΓ©lulas mediante mitosis (denominado en la biologΓa como el proceso de separaciΓ³n en el nΓΊcleo de las cΓ©lulas eucariotas), esta divisiΓ³n comienza con cΓ©lulas casi idΓ©nticas, pero en el proceso suele surgir mutaciones en el genoma, implicado esto de que, de un ΓΊnico Γ³vulo inicial, puede que den lugar a diferencias medibles entre los gemelos idΓ©nticos. </div>
***************************
<div class="text-justify"> Los investigadores llegaron a la conclusiΓ³n de que en el 20% por ciento de los casos, los gemelos no tenΓan mutaciones distintivas en absoluto. Este descubrimiento cientΓfico despertΓ³ interΓ©s de investigadores en Eurofins Scientific, una empresa de anΓ‘lisis de laboratorio con sede en Bruselas, lo cuales decidieron poner a prueba el mΓ©todo. </div>
*************************************
<div class="text-justify"> Encontraron un par de hermanos gemelos dispuestos a proporcionar su ADN, asΓ como el ADN del hijo y la esposa de uno de ellos. Los investigadores realizaron la secuenciaciΓ³n del genoma de cada persona y encontraron suficientes mutaciones para distinguir al padre y al tΓo. </div>
**********************************
<center> Parte III </center>
<div class="text-justify"> El equipo de Eurofins, luego de tener resultados positivos, publicΓ³ la demostraciΓ³n conceptual en el aΓ±o 2014, no duro mucho para que esto llegara a oΓdos de David Deakin, Fiscal adjunto del Distrito de Boston, el mismo tenΓa un caso similar al de Gran Rapids, donde hay una violaciΓ³n y el culpable tiene un gemelo idΓ©ntico, en donde estaba procesado Dwayne McNair y su hermano gemelo, Deakin a pesar de que esta prueba costarΓa US$130,000.00 mil dΓ³lares, tomo el riesgo porque tenΓa fe de que podΓa resolver el caso. Al final el equipo Eurofins, luego de la realizaciΓ³n de la prueba, determino que Dwayne McNair era 2000 millones de veces probable que fuera el culpable que su hermano, siendo esto rebatido por los abogados de Dwayner, los cuales alegaban que la prueba de Eurofins era muy nueva y por lo tanto solicitaron la exclusiΓ³n de dicha prueba. </div>
**************************************
<div class="text-justify"> La jueza Linda Giles, edificada luego de escuchar las argumentaciones y testimonios, determino que la prueba de Eurofins estaba basada en principios cientΓficos, y que otro laboratorio no lo habΓa replicado, advirtiΓ©ndoles al jurado que no podΓan tomarse muchos dΓas para la reflexiΓ³n y admisiΓ³n de dicha prueba. </div>
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36. | ref_block_num | 9,950 |
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ref_block_prefix | 930,608,859 |
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expiration | 2021-03-07 02:22:18 |
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operations | 0. | 0. | custom_json |
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1. | required_auths | [] |
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required_posting_auths | |
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id | sm_find_match |
---|
json | {"match_type":"Ranked","app":"splinterlands/0.7.86"} |
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extensions | [] |
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signatures | 0. | 2018e34ec70851fba81ab1890468e537e08064c7858a91ee434e2d5524ee084bcb385b445d01a66233a724f8e9a452561d05dfe0b2504da0a47c9183ab2e9fcf9d |
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transaction_id | 666439224ac26fa936c2b70504b90cf9b1dc3c08 |
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block_num | 51,914,485 |
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transaction_num | 36 |
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37. | ref_block_num | 9,950 |
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ref_block_prefix | 930,608,859 |
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expiration | 2021-03-07 02:22:18 |
---|
operations | 0. | 0. | custom_json |
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1. | required_auths | [] |
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required_posting_auths | |
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id | sm_submit_team |
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json | {"trx_id":"2133d9afb7021611c1dde1fb641444daaf686b68","team_hash":"78948f5882ccf170208743a36d3427ba","summoner":"starter-189-w7c2k","monsters":["C3-131-IEAEQL6AJK","starter-184-N6Izd","starter-192-4T6qY","starter-195-mNLfX"],"secret":"367628f4c7","app":"steemmonsters/0.7.60"} |
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extensions | [] |
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signatures | 0. | 1f2529e6c753bc54a29b583a7e22c926a64a3eecbb4360fe5b085e1d07ca3c6892643973ab95c8295ceb9200e251c28befb86eea02a0814238d3904f9a9415b3cc |
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transaction_id | b809c694597f57c4dcf6d8449037fa2263326546 |
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block_num | 51,914,485 |
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transaction_num | 37 |
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