Central Banking is a pivotal part of the current international monetary system. Independence for central banks varies by country, but one thing remains common: they highly influence a countries fiat currency. In some, they are highly independent, in others, they are more centralized. The ranges of intervention approaches and targets for metrics for performance vary.

It is important for cryptocurrencies to have an understanding of this structure of monetary policy, as the effectiveness of central bank interventions is widely contested. The idea of algorithmic-ally independent money supplies for cryptocurrency is one of the major new features for an alternative form of money.

Here are the 100 most popular posts by citations to provide some immediate reading.

<ol>
<li>"<a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d_DCSUmzLIkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22central+bank%22&ots=LWPI6W1AMH&sig=sFQULjXNjeytFA6o5UDKlagTwf8">Central bank strategy, credibility, and independence: Theory and evidence</a>". A Cukierman. 1992. <em>books.google.com </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15721958780367318025&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">2712 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2077833">Central bank independence and macroeconomic performance: some comparative evidence</a>". A Alesina, LH Summers. 1993. <em>JSTOR journal of Money, Credit and Banking</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13217227028346484064&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">2387 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2601198">Systemic risk, interbank relations, and liquidity provision by the central bank</a>". X Freixas, BM Parigi, JC Rochet. 2000. <em>JSTOR Journal of money, credit and banking</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10186967451119725674&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">1315 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://www.csef.it/pagano/eer-1988.pdf">The advantage of tying one's hands: EMS discipline and central bank credibility</a>". F Giavazzi, M Pagano. 1988. <em>csef.it European Economic Review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6578917218288656859&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">1166 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=K-p5_ONbtrcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=%22central+bank%22&ots=uNhdcaOBME&sig=-z_O4VyVj67oa2I5vSgutujh4Hs">Asset prices and central bank policy</a>". SG Cecchetti, H Genberg, J Lipsky, S Wadhwani. 2000. <em>books.google.com </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8318853357544341279&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">1060 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.46.4.910">Central bank communication and monetary policy: A survey of theory and evidence</a>". AS Blinder, M Ehrmann, M Fratzscher…. 2008. <em>aeaweb.org Journal of Economic …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8129617965831751947&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">975 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/da1a/50057ca2f0bab398861be728cb1a82c56b90.pdf#page=196">Haw Independen~ Should a Central Bank</a>". G Debelle, S Fischer. 1994. <em>pdfs.semanticscholar.org Facing Monetary Policymakers</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8427933588720797453&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">842 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-0297.00082">Central bank transparency</a>". PM Geraats. 2002. <em>Wiley Online Library The economic journal</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1260160997176944740&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">813 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jakob_Haan/publication/5072793_The_Political_Economy_of_Central-Bank_Independence/links/00b4952921f824d738000000.pdf">The political economy of central-bank independence</a>". SCW Eijffinger, J De Haan. 1996. <em>researchgate.net </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14046163462512598655&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">744 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393299000082">The robustness and efficiency of monetary policy rules as guidelines for interest rate setting by the European Central Bank</a>". JB Taylor. 1999. <em>Elsevier Journal of Monetary Economics</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16655362745922902574&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">690 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w11898">Central bank communication and policy effectiveness</a>". M Woodford. 2005. <em>nber.org </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12488274753508854338&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">655 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=T_-n33Umb5UC&oi=fnd&pg=PA35&dq=%22central+bank%22&ots=hV6YA6aa8G&sig=CdrTc5nuhzpIZ1o-0n46X6Etoyo">Preference shocks, liquidity, and central bank policy</a>". S Bhattacharya, D Gale, WA Barnett…. 1985. <em>books.google.com Liquidity and …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13367247782027122522&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">626 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/limits-of-delegation-veto-players-central-bank-independence-and-the-credibility-of-monetary-policy/3D56AB69766413D9FE83DF67F1913003">The limits of delegation: Veto players, central bank independence, and the credibility of monetary policy</a>". P Keefer, D Stasavage. 2003. <em>cambridge.org American political science review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12503521195394412252&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">610 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w5075">Two fallacies concerning central bank independence</a>". BT McCallum. 1995. <em>nber.org </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8656692415785007955&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">601 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/mixed-signals-central-bank-independence-coordinated-wage-bargaining-and-european-monetary-union/CAB29792ABC86D14B5092465CDB7C1D6">Mixed signals: central bank independence, coordinated wage bargaining, and European Monetary Union</a>". PA Hall, RJ Franzese. 1998. <em>cambridge.org International organization</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5193365790108243955&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">586 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Parkin3/publication/245629808_Central_Bank_Laws_and_Monetary_Policy/links/564a30e208ae127ff98687e5.pdf">Central bank laws and monetary policy</a>". R Bade, M Parkin. 1988. <em>researchgate.net </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=278216992379947390&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">578 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292196000505">The predictive power of the term structure of interest rates in Europe and the United States: Implications for the European Central Bank</a>". A Estrella, FS Mishkin. 1997. <em>Elsevier European economic review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18130710992491741716&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">577 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393210001224">The central-bank balance sheet as an instrument of monetarypolicy</a>". V Curdia, M Woodford. 2011. <em>Elsevier Journal of Monetary Economics</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4731442279951281315&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">562 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/aer.90.5.1421">Central-bank credibility: why do we care? How do we build it?</a>". AS Blinder. 2000. <em>pubs.aeaweb.org American Economic Review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1920220446853389635&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">544 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261560697980554">Central bank intervention and exchange rate volatility1</a>". KM Dominguez. 1998. <em>Elsevier Journal of International Money and Finance</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7768823063432949619&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">518 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-6419.00131">Central bank independence: an update of theory and evidence</a>". H Berger, J De Haan…. 2001. <em>Wiley Online Library Journal of Economic …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13046874693941049925&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">512 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="">Why central bank independence does not cause low inflation: there is no institutional fix for politics</a>". A Posen. 1993. <em>Oxford University Press Oxford Finance and the international economy</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14976306062612639221&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">501 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article-abstract/13/26/16/2366322">Immediate challenges for the European central bank</a>". R Dornbusch, C Favero, F Giavazzi. 1998. <em>academic.oup.com Economic Policy</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3591431268040970852&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">485 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/654279">Declarations are not enough: financial sector sources of central bank independence</a>". AS Posen. 1995. <em>journals.uchicago.edu NBER macroeconomics annual</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7379379748361520474&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">471 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/428685">Globalization pressures and the state: The worldwide spread of central bank independence</a>". S Polillo, MF Guillén. 2005. <em>journals.uchicago.edu American Journal of Sociology</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10760009720782995391&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">449 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.princeton.edu/~ies/IES_Special_Papers/SP18.pdf">The effectiveness of central-bank intervention: a survey of the literature after 1982</a>". HJ Edison. 1993. <em>princeton.edu </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16720832116240039315&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">442 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292198001287">Central bank independence, centralization of wage bargaining, inflation and unemployment:: Theory and some evidence</a>". A Cukierman, F Lippi. 1999. <em>Elsevier European economic review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8725727214660066765&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">441 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117919">Central-bank independence revisited</a>". S Fischer. 1995. <em>JSTOR The American Economic Review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7420386330124228694&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">424 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KWW3RyYtChwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=%22central+bank%22&ots=B-PQx7uCAD&sig=2Tia6V1gcmr6xq5LLnLB5LIj1ss">Monetary policy in the euro area: strategy and decision-making at the European Central Bank</a>". O Issing, V Gaspar, I Angeloni, O Tristani. 2001. <em>books.google.com </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8496868730737268537&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">409 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378426604001165">Early birds, late risers, and sleeping beauties: Bank credit growth to the private sector in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Balkans</a>". C Cottarelli, G Dell'Ariccia, I Vladkova-Hollar. 2005. <em>Elsevier Journal of banking & Finance</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17182578628260993366&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">403 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2362.00032">The future of monetary policy: the central bank as an army with only a signal corps?</a>". BM Friedman. 1999. <em>Wiley Online Library International finance</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13905811117638445148&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">397 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w3860">The European central bank: Reshaping monetary politics in Europe</a>". A Alesina, V Grilli. 1991. <em>nber.org </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3273114075741832297&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">392 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00034.x">Communication by central bank committee members: different strategies, same effectiveness?</a>". M Ehrmann, M Fratzscher. 2007. <em>Wiley Online Library Journal of Money, Credit and …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4396482323183753251&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">381 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393209000610">Interbank market liquidity and central bank intervention</a>". F Allen, E Carletti, D Gale. 2009. <em>Elsevier Journal of Monetary Economics</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7422724114803686619&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">372 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://academic.oup.com/oep/article-abstract/50/3/335/2361682">Central bank independence and disinflationary credibility: a missing link?</a>". A Posen. 1998. <em>academic.oup.com Oxford economic papers</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6988111649188174039&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">366 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/PubS/feds/2003/200355/200355pap.pdf">Central bank talk: does it matter and why?</a>". DL Kohn, BP Sack. 2003. <em>federalreserve.gov </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12951446972139423312&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">363 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713601585">Rational fictions: Central bank independence and the social logic of delegation</a>". K McNamara. 2002. <em>Taylor & Francis West european politics</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4934448486788783719&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">361 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://academic.oup.com/wber/article-abstract/9/3/397/1666820">Political influence on the central bank: international evidence</a>". A Cukierman, SB Webb. 1995. <em>academic.oup.com The World Bank Economic Review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8530814987073734619&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">345 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=A8EWDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=%22central+bank%22&ots=r3wGSgUy1j&sig=AdAr6u7VgfTNs4YlguyspJSSbjk">The central bank and the financial system</a>". C Goodhart. 1995. <em>books.google.com </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18078789125817379250&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">345 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0176268008000463">Central bank independence and transparency: Evolution and effectiveness</a>". C Crowe, EE Meade. 2008. <em>Elsevier European Journal of Political Economy</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2595032099203445869&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">332 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393201001076">Central bank reform, liberalization and inflation in transition economies—an international perspective</a>". A Cukierman, GP Miller, B Neyapti. 2002. <em>Elsevier Journal of monetary economics</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16847820351143911901&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">330 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030439329700007X">Crucial issues concerning central bank independence</a>". BT McCallum. 1997. <em>Elsevier Journal of Monetary economics</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15038693857775148613&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">307 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fZnQf2IBO4YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA46&dq=%22central+bank%22&ots=4dzJ0KqmHE&sig=-1sudZx-KMbXug24xLYCY9gqjK0">The rise of rentier incomes in OECD countries: financialization, central bank policy and labor solidarity</a>". GA Epstein, A Jayadev. 2005. <em>books.google.com Financialization and the world …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9241444520252793391&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">303 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2663129">Why do banks need a central bank?</a>". CAE Goodhart. 1987. <em>JSTOR Oxford Economic Papers</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6435851719960554309&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">301 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/114/2/629/1844242">Is bank supervision central to central banking?</a>". J Peek, ES Rosengren…. 1999. <em>academic.oup.com The Quarterly Journal of …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14862885623936869888&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">300 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/654195">Central bank behavior and the strategy of monetary policy: observations from six industrialized countries</a>". B Bernanke, F Mishkin. 1992. <em>journals.uchicago.edu NBER Macroeconomics Annual</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4593197993502427782&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">298 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w10829">Can central bank transparency go too far?</a>". FS Mishkin. 2004. <em>nber.org </em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9667862679041258270&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">297 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/aer.99.2.480">Financial instability, reserves, and central bank swap lines in the panic of 2008</a>". M Obstfeld, JC Shambaugh…. 2009. <em>pubs.aeaweb.org american Economic …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5756695321603881087&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">293 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="http://www.rspi.uniroma1.it/index.php/PSLQuarterlyReview/article/view/10680">Central bank independence in twelve industrial countries</a>". S Eijffinger, E Schaling. 2013. <em>rspi.uniroma1.it PSL Quarterly Review</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15512544252312550198&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">288 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.peri.umass.edu/media/k2/attachments/fin_Epstein.pdf">Financialization, rentier interests, and central bank policy</a>". G Epstein. 2001. <em>peri.umass.edu manuscript, Department of Economics, University of …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13481025031678073963&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">285 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016722319390005H">Central bank independence, growth, investment, and real rates</a>". A Cukierman, P Kalaitzidakis, LH Summers…. 1993. <em>Elsevier … Conference Series on …</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14079562208641199679&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">283 cites</a>.</li>
<li>"<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0176268098000068">Inflation culture, central bank independence and price stability</a>". B Hayo. 1998. <em>Elsevier European Journal of Political Economy</em>. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15764447572914285086&as_sdt=40000005&sciodt=0,22&hl=en&num=20" target="_blank">280 cites</a>.</li>
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</ol>

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