![](https://images.ecency.com/DQmRHjhgnGzjkRW7B7TeqtK9CukgsSueWsEsXER7b5fh1SA/image.png) 题图作者:Cheva(用AI创作) 接着读《反谷》这本书。作者认为小麦等谷物在对人类改为定居生活的历史进程中所起到的作用被严重高估了。真正对人类进化的历史进程起到天翻地覆的作用是人类学会了使用火。火的使用在很多方面重塑了人类进化的方向。考古学家曾经在同一个山洞的不同历史地层中,有过这样的发现。在人类学会使用火之前的古老地层中,古生物学家们发现了。型猫科动物的完整骨架化石和直立人的骨架化石并存。还在直立人的化石上面看到了野兽撕咬的痕迹。而在更晚近的地层中发现有火烧灼的痕迹,表明人类已经学会使用火了。而在这样的底层中,两者的关系就倒转过来了。在大型猫科动物的化石上会发现被人类牙齿啃咬的痕迹。 对火的驯服不仅改变了人类在食物链中的地位。更重大的意义是使人类掌握了一种可以大规模改变地表景观的工具。按照传统的狩猎采集的生活方式,受到自然环境非常大的影响。人类所需要的食物来源,可能在离居住地很远的地方。很多时候为了迁就食物来源,不得不随时迁徙。这也是传统历史学家认为。农业定居生活比狩猎采集生活更优越的原因,但实际情况并非如此。掌握了火的使用之后,一些部落人类可以通过人工火灾的方式有意识地塑造自己居住地周围的环境。比如将茂密的丛林变成灌木丛和低矮的草原,这样就可以吸引野兔,鹌鹑等可以作为食物来源的动物。因为这些动物更适应于人类用火塑造出来的环境。同样,这样的环境中也会生长出适合人类食用的植物。这样一来,即便进行狩猎采集式的生活,也不必频繁的迁徙。这就是最原始的刀耕火种,在现在残存的印第安部落中仍然沿袭下来了。而且在欧洲人到达新大陆之前。土著的印第安人已经用这种方式深刻的影响了美洲大陆的地表景观。只是因为欧洲人到达美洲之后带来了新的传染病,使得土著印尼安人口数量骤减。茂密的森林才重新占据这块大陆的大部分地区。这让后来的欧洲人误以为这块大陆一直处于尚未开发的状态。当然这是完全的误解。
author | cheva |
---|---|
permlink | 6cf82d207d3cd |
category | hive-105017 |
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created | 2022-11-24 15:29:15 |
last_update | 2022-11-24 15:29:15 |
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root_title | 读《反谷》了解早期国家的形成(二)--火的革命 |
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theb0red1 | 0 | 33,208,310,470 | 10% | ||
mikehere | 0 | 2,155,564,136 | 10% | ||
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bigtakosensei | 0 | 10,434,282,780 | 10% | ||
walterjay | 0 | 2,045,090,517 | 0.25% | ||
steemitboard | 0 | 45,679,888,537 | 5% | ||
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intrepidthinker | 0 | 35,863,744,671 | 10% | ||
pouchon | 0 | 345,555,136,309 | 10% | ||
sharkface | 0 | 10,621,007,779 | 10% | ||
numpypython | 0 | 742,618,379 | 10% | ||
lizanomadsoul | 0 | 2,520,643,435 | 3% | ||
sames | 0 | 4,890,292,831 | 10% | ||
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bitrocker2020 | 0 | 124,237,432,370 | 10% | ||
tj4real | 0 | 951,160,733 | 10% | ||
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aaronli | 0 | 35,428,972,516 | 10% | ||
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zainalbakri | 0 | 4,301,691,268 | 10% | ||
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mrpointp | 0 | 18,121,095,486 | 5% | ||
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felt.buzz | 0 | 2,426,593,419 | 0.25% | ||
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mrspointm | 0 | 16,842,385,896 | 5% | ||
chimzycash | 0 | 3,594,843,942 | 10% | ||
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mawit07 | 0 | 42,162,539,472 | 10% | ||
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msp-foundation | 0 | 143,712,001 | 100% | ||
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cherryng | 0 | 2,719,285,552 | 5% | ||
nostalgic1212 | 0 | 19,245,121,723 | 5% | ||
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funkymunky20000 | 0 | 1,293,981,544 | 10% | ||
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jluvs2fly | 0 | 8,969,140,668 | 10% | ||
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minhaz007 | 0 | 835,164,539 | 10% | ||
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unitqm | 0 | 649,294,436 | 5% | ||
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bittrio | 0 | 3,624,562,140 | 10% | ||
steemturbo | 0 | 1,077,752,595 | 10% | ||
steemegg | 0 | 1,840,173,118 | 5% | ||
cryptovues | 0 | 5,536,030,948 | 10% | ||
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brada2550 | 0 | 555,585,153 | 10% | ||
paleotwist | 0 | 2,685,575,538 | 10% | ||
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c4cristi3 | 0 | 3,963,372,254 | 10% | ||
foreversteem | 0 | 818,491,616 | 10% | ||
ano123 | 0 | 73,055,346,858 | 10% | ||
q-news | 0 | 752,759,343 | 10% | ||
coreyssteemit77 | 0 | 1,097,612,550 | 10% | ||
backscratcher | 0 | 4,585,665,220 | 10% | ||
rocketpower | 0 | 2,621,179,712 | 100% | ||
curtley | 0 | 496,137,491 | 100% | ||
x-tech | 0 | 1,127,767,913 | 10% | ||
moro1992 | 0 | 739,976,069 | 10% | ||
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ying82 | 0 | 2,818,859,596 | 5% | ||
aekraj | 0 | 10,284,917,042 | 10% | ||
we-are-palcoin | 0 | 371,515,635 | 100% | ||
h-hamilton | 0 | 3,550,581,157 | 10% | ||
supremebape | 0 | 19,859,466,069 | 10% | ||
kryptoking1 | 0 | 5,610,231,855 | 10% | ||
atyh | 0 | 6,164,041,543 | 2.5% | ||
naej | 0 | 1,930,540,156 | 10% | ||
photosnap | 0 | 512,281,929 | 10% | ||
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hivebuzz | 0 | 14,971,376,285 | 3% | ||
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ykretz | 0 | 2,412,748,649 | 5% | ||
bnk | 0 | 6,134,810,238 | 20% | ||
logicforce | 0 | 499,592,129 | 10% | ||
zartisht | 0 | 40,921,414,010 | 10% | ||
aceh-media | 0 | 2,209,638,151 | 10% | ||
dragokazo | 0 | 1,366,710,139 | 5% | ||
hivevote | 0 | 1,728,359,798 | 5% | ||
emma-emma | 0 | 2,167,272,620 | 5% | ||
rohansuares | 0 | 491,895,626 | 5% | ||
zanoz | 0 | 9,510,780,137 | 10% | ||
eturnerx-dbuzz | 0 | 14,215,552,883 | 26% | ||
eturnerx-honey | 0 | 26,827,531,427 | 74.9% | ||
ricestrela | 0 | 1,445,801,959 | 4% | ||
xylliana | 0 | 2,405,472,098 | 100% | ||
ericaliu | 0 | 1,583,919,890 | 5% | ||
duwiky | 0 | 2,850,830,352 | 10% | ||
abundancelife | 0 | 1,681,046,701 | 5% | ||
lovelingling | 0 | 1,686,725,483 | 5% | ||
everlandd | 0 | 1,084,835,527 | 5% | ||
celeste413 | 0 | 940,367,050 | 3.75% | ||
zhangyan-123 | 0 | 3,719,291,156 | 5% | ||
alpha-omega | 0 | 1,380,265,350 | 5% | ||
cugel | 0 | 4,006,621,660 | 5% | ||
circlebubble | 0 | 2,011,330,941 | 7% | ||
gejzep | 0 | 16,275,243,493 | 5% | ||
mnurhiver | 0 | 4,354,238,577 | 10% | ||
waivio.curator | 0 | 2,973,157,048 | 5.5% | ||
joelibra | 0 | 1,951,779,458 | 10% | ||
genepoolrentsclr | 0 | 2,547,455,597 | 5% | ||
huolian | 0 | 3,702,282,159 | 10% |