Finally, the broad applicability of deep learning (and possibly robotics) across many
sectors is likely to engender a race within each sector to establish a proprietary advantage that
leverages these new approaches. As such, the arrival of deep learning raises issues for
competition policy. In each application sector, there is the possibility that firms that are able to
establish an advantage at an early stage, and in doing so position themselves to be able to
generate more data (about their technology, about customer behavior, about their organizational
processes) will be able to erect a deep-learning-driven barrier to entry that will ensure market
dominance over at least the medium term.