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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Author: @madridbg, through Power Point 2010, using public domain images. </div></blockquote></div>
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<div class="text-justify"> Welcome to all those readers of the #Hive community who are passionate about scientific content and especially to the members of the #stemsocial community who are at the forefront of educational topics. In this issue, we will be making a descriptive tour on the behavior of metal oxides in our society and we will focus on deepening the formulation and nomenclature of their formulation and nomenclature in an educational, entertaining and understandable way for the reader.</div>
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<center><h1><strong> INTRODUCTION </strong></h1></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> The planet Earth is made up of a set of substances, some of which are combined, such as water, and others of invariable composition, such as iron. When these invariable substances are combined they form a great variety of compounds that we can find in the different states of matter.</div>
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<div class="text-justify"> This represents a determining factor in the development of life on the planet, to mention some related aspects, the human being uses the air, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, the rocks, a mixture of different minerals, the soil formed by different substances that allow the production and propagation of plants.
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<div class="text-justify"> In this sense, there are many chemical compounds that can be found in nature, so it is necessary to have a control in order to assign a name to these substances according to their properties. That is why the chemical substances, which have been studied to date, are governed by a pattern established by <strong>the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry </strong>(IUPAC), </strong>which is the governing body that governs the rules for formulating and naming the more than 30 million chemical compounds that are known today.</div>
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<div class="text-justify"> The main function of this organism is based on establishing a standardized method that does not give rise to confusion in terms of compounds, where people can assign the same name to the substance, regardless of the country or language where they are. In other words, each name refers to a single species.</div>
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<div class="text-justify"> Therefore, in this publication we will study basic oxides, also known as metal oxides, which represent a group of compounds formed by the reaction of a metallic element with oxygen.</div>
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<center><h1><strong> BASIC OXIDES GENERALITIES </strong></h1></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> Basic oxides, also called metal oxides, are binary chemical compounds formed by the combination of a metallic element with oxygen. They have the property of reacting with water to form ternary compounds which we will call hydroxides.</div>
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<div class="text-justify"> Oxides are very common in nature, product of the large number of metallic elements that we can find, likewise have the property of being good conductors of electricity and heat, also manifest high melting points and tend to make solids, although the properties of the substances from a combination of elements are different from the initial, such compounds usually have characteristics related to the element that originated them.</div>
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmVBEz9gLcHMRzgmkfcCuwhYPVvgfeMGrTk25QsZq7Z194/Imagen%201_este.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 1. Formulation of basic oxides. Author: @madridbg. Edited using Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>
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<center><h1><strong> APPLICATIONS OF BASIC OXIDES </strong></h1></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> The usefulness and applications of oxides are related to the abundance of these compounds, due to the ability of metallic elements to combine with oxygen. In this sense, these compounds have a variety of uses of which we will describe some below:
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<div class="text-justify"> 
 - Zinc oxide (ZnO), a binary compound used in the manufacture of talc.
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- Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), used in beauty products, especially in makeup or cosmetics.
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- Magnesium oxide (MgO), involved in acid-base reactions in antacids.
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- Aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), used in the manufacture of cans for carbonated beverages.
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- Iron oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), used in the manufacture of alloys.
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<div class="text-justify"> These are some of the uses, which have been given to the basic oxides in our daily life, which reflects the importance of knowing the formulation and nomenclature of these substances. 
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<center><h1><strong> METAL OXIDE NOMENCLATURE
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<div class="text-justify"> In this section, we will describe the procedure to follow to name the basic oxides according to the postulates made by the IUPAC. In this sense, it is necessary to mention that inorganic compounds can be named in correspondence to three types of nomenclature that we will describe below:
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<h3><strong>TRADITIONAL NOMENCLATURE (N.T)</strong></h3>
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<div class="text-justify"> This type of nomenclature focuses on the characteristics and oxidation states presented by the element that makes up the oxide, so it is necessary to describe a set of concepts to guide the reader on the use of this nomenclature.
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<div class="text-justify"> To this effect, we should mention that a <strong>valence or oxidation states,</strong> is the capacity that an element has to combine and we represent them with positive and negative numbers, which tells us that the substance is accepting or giving up electrons. 
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<div class="text-justify"> Consequently, there are elements with only one oxidation state, which we will call <strong>monovalent,</strong> among which we can find sodium (Na=1+), aluminum (Al=3+), magnesium (Mg=2+), calcium (Ca=2+), lithium (Li=1+), among others.
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<div class="text-justify"> On the other hand, the <strong>divalent elements,</strong> are those with two oxidation states, among which lead (Pb= 2+,4+), iron (Fe= 2+,3+), copper (Cu= 1+, 2+), nickel (Ni= 2+, 3+), among others, stand out.
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<div class="text-justify"> Similarly, we find the <strong>polivalent elements,</strong> understood as those that exhibit three or more valences, here we can find chromium (Cr= 2+, 3+, 3+, 6+), manganese (Mn = 2+, 3+, 4+, 6+, 7+), among others.
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<div class="text-justify"> Depending on the type of elements you are working with, you can follow some of the following procedures:
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>When the element is monovalent: </strong> Word oxide + de + metal name.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmS7fK4s2vYTaqUooYnYYaAPwhhc4q5xBJdiMhqMVGuZvv/imagen%202_este.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify">Fig. 2. Formulation and nomenclature of monovalent elements. Author: @madridbg. Edited using Power Point 2010 </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>When the element is divalent: </strong> Word oxide + root of the metal + suffix in OSO and ICO.              
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmZwiBPXLbgJmuFmGAoLSCpibK37tybmrNBLnvQmxMQ6Qu/imagen%203_este.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 3. Formulation and nomenclature of divalent elements. Author: @madridbg. Edited through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>When the element is polyvalent: </strong> Word oxide + prefix HYPO or HYPER + root of the metal + suffix OSO or ICO.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmTYD54qT7znikc5WAG8LKirtL17K9Gb5NiKdHgF4jV2Hs/cuadro%201_ESTE.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Table 1. Formulation and nomenclature of polyvalent elements. Author: @madridbg. Edited through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmf5qzDu4dGfe5jBDYfBF5ZSuChv6NEA5FC7vQ88uAJsvP/imagen%204_este.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Figure 4. Formulation and nomenclature of polyvalent elements. Author: @madridbg. Edited through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>
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<h3><strong> STOCK NOMENCLATURE (N.S)</strong></h3>
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<div class="text-justify"> This is one of the simplest nomenclatures to work with and presents as variants the use of Roman numerals to identify the valency with which the metallic element is working, therefore only the following sequence is used.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>Word oxide + de + metal name + valence in parentheses and in Roman numerals </strong>.
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmX9asHLLSu1K5pQTAZ3k7SkfVgjsHtsHorKTbmZstBPfp/imagen%205_esta.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Figure 5. Stock nomenclature. Author: @madridbg . Edited through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>
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<h3><strong> MODERN NOMENCLATURE (N.M)</strong></h3>
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<div class="text-justify"> This nomenclature is based on the atoms that make up the compound, which are assigned Greek prefixes to identify them. As shown in the rules below. 
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>Greek prefixes: mono (1), di (2), tri (3), etc. + word oxide + de + Greek prefixes + name of metal.</strong>
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmUJVSs3LCaPqrEy6fb3vYddnfJVSczduP9yAUxt5jyXxc/imagen%206_esta.png"/></center>

<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 6. Modern Nomenclature.
Author: @madridbg. Edited through Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div><p></p>

<div class="text-justify"> In order to deepen the content addressed so far, we will attach an audiovisual material where the formulation and nomenclature of the basic oxides is developed through practical exercises.
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<center>https://youtu.be/50kiSds8iy0 </center>
<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Audiovisual material developed by. @madridbg. Edited through filmora software for 64 bit. </div></blockquote></div>
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<center><h3><strong>THEMATIC CONTRIBUTIONS</strong></strong></h3></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> The descriptive material presented, allows transmitting a scientific content in a didactic way and adapted to the requirements of readers who are not trained in the area of science, specifically in chemistry. Likewise, it can be used as a methodological guide for teaching the formulation and nomenclature of inorganic compounds at different levels of education.
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<center><h2><strong> BIBLIOGRAPHY CONSULTED </strong></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify">  <strong>[1] Chang, R. (2010). </strong> Química. Decima edicion. McGraw-hill Interamericana editores. ISBN: 978-607-15-0307-7.
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<div class="text-justify"><strong>[2] Groel, N (2006).</strong> Generation of carbon dioxide by the reaction of an acid and a base Aquariological Silver Society .<a href="http://www.sadelplata.org/articulos/groel_060907.pdf" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com"> Article: Online Access </a></div>
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[3] McMURRY E., John y Fay C., Robert. (2008).</strong>  Química general. Quinta edición PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, México, 2009 ISBN: 978-970-26 1286-5.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[4] Ralph, H. Petrucci, William S. Harwood, E. Geoffrey Herring. (2003)</strong>. QUIMICA GENERAL. Octava edición. PEARSON EDUCACIÓN. S.A., Madrid.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[5]  WADE,LEROY. (2011). </strong>. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. VOLUME 2. SEVENTH EDITION. PEARSON EDUCATION, MEXICO, 2011 ISBN: 978-607-32.()793-5.</div>     

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<center><h2><strong> OF INTEREST </strong></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> For more information related to the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, do not hesitate to visit #stemsocial and #stem-espanol, they are communities that promote scientific advances in these areas
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