<html> <p><img src="https://s15.postimg.cc/d3x586ruz/thumbnail.jpg" width="662" height="662"/></p> <p>Thumbnail build using: <a href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/19-6-capacitors-in-series-and-parallel/">Capacitor diagram</a></p> <p><br></p> <h2>Introduction</h2> <p>Hello it's a me again Drifter Programming!</p> <p> Today we continue with <strong>Electromagnetism </strong>to get into <strong>examples/exercises all around Capacitors and Capacitance</strong> that we covered during the last 4 posts!</p> <p> I highly suggest you to read these 4 posts of Electromagnetism from Capacitance up to Dielectrics, cause this post will simply be an mathematical application of the topics that we discussed there...</p> <p>All the mathematical equations will be drawn using <a href="http://quicklatex.com/">quicklatex</a>!</p> <p>So, without further do, let's get straight into it!</p> <p><br></p> <p> To make it smoother for you I will start with simple capacitor calculations, continue on with combinations, electrical energy and density, and lastly dielectrics (actually exactly the order in which we did the posts!).</p> <h2>Capacitor calculations</h2> <p> Suppose we have a capacitor build up of 2 parallel conductive metal plates (like the one that we covered through-out this series) and that there is nothing in between of those plates.</p> <p>The capacitor has:</p> <ul> <li>a capacitance C = 500pF</li> <li>charge Q = 0.2μC on each capacitor plate and</li> <li>the plates are d = 0.4mm apart.</li> </ul> <p>Calculate:</p> <ol> <li>The potential difference (V) between the capacitor plates</li> <li>The area (A) of each capacitor plate</li> <li>The electric field magnitude (E) between the capacitor plates</li> <li>The surface density of charge on each capacitor plate</li> </ol> <p><br></p> <p>The capacitance (C) of such a capacitor can be calculated using:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/ca/ql_cd8c38748ab70ce17f7bd5cbf64082ca_l3.png"/></p> <p>or using the more general equation:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/bd/ql_45d4a8700698a493fa2dc9d208a4adbd_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>1. </strong></p> <p>Using the general equation we can calculate the potential difference like that:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/ab/ql_7bff2b4d0ae7c9e1ee4900652458fdab_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>2.</strong></p> <p>Using the other equation we have:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/de/ql_aa2b196cd2e3dc26aafbf107544dfade_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>3.</strong></p> <p> When having parallel plates (and so capacitors) we proved that the electric field and voltage are binded by the equation:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/92/ql_7e62fd4994220833e8ceec91c3263d92_l3.png"/></p> <p> We know the potential difference (V) and the distance (d) and so can calculate the electric field like that:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/56/ql_c75aba5648cc66f3c596407f9df75056_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>4.</strong></p> <p>For the last bit we simply have to divide the charge (Q) with the area (A) which gives us:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/37/ql_487253068247332ebffcf7e022959b37_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <blockquote> In other examples we might know the voltage, area, electric field or charge density and might need to find the capacitance, charge or distance of the capacitor! Either way these are the "needed" equations for simple capacitors!</blockquote> <p><br></p> <h2>Capacitor combinations</h2> <p> During the post about capacitor combinations and problems we solved a "simple" example, where we only had to calculate the total/equivalent capacitance of the combination. But, I also told you that the potential and charge might also be asked in some examples and so here we go!</p> <p>Suppose we have the following capacitor diagram:</p> <p><img src="https://s15.postimg.cc/9usdcswyj/diagram.jpg" width="843" height="669"/></p> <p>where:</p> <ul> <li>all capacitors have the same capacitance C = 2μF.</li> <li>the potential difference of A->B is Vab = +36V</li> </ul> <p>Calculate:</p> <ol> <li>The charge (Q) of each capacitor</li> <li>The potential difference (Vi) between the plates of each capacitor</li> <li>The potential difference between the points A and D (Vad)</li> </ol> <p><br></p> <p>Let's first calculate the total/equivalent capacitance step by step...</p> <p>First we combine the two serial capacitors:</p> <p><img src="https://s15.postimg.cc/ll6aue03f/diagram2.jpg" width="843" height="669"/></p> <p>which give us a capacitance:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/90/ql_b4669e216457e44b3404f6b00afc8690_l3.png"/></p> <p>Next up is the parallel combination of C and C' which gives us:</p> <p><img src="https://s15.postimg.cc/tqocsjw23/diagram3.jpg" width="843" height="669"/></p> <p>and a capacitance:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/96/ql_c037422d91f035a8c97199b9dbfc3796_l3.png"/></p> <p>Lastly we combine C'' and C that a serially connected and get:</p> <p><img src="https://s15.postimg.cc/q72f2r123/diagram4.jpg" width="750" height="262"/></p> <p>which gives us the total capacitance:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/64/ql_2491bd84a2b762dbf448bab6a7dbfc64_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>We might want to give "names" to the capacitors like that:</p> <p><img src="https://s15.postimg.cc/ttctt19mz/diagram.jpg" width="843" height="669"/></p> <p><strong>Side-note</strong>: All these diagrams are made by myself!</p> <p><br></p> <p>So, let's now get into the actual exercise "questions"...</p> <p><br></p> <p>We build up back to the original circuit...</p> <p>From the last diagram we can calculate the total charge which is:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/aa/ql_e87f58401edd3805daba6bb67215fbaa_l3.png"/></p> <p> The capacitors C4 and C" in the third diagram are in a serial connection and so have the same charge, which means that the charge of C4 is equal to Q4 = 43.2μC.</p> <p>The potential difference of C4 is:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/78/ql_6843f41326501d6b80c2e11cf4a8ea78_l3.png"/></p> <p> When in a serial connection the potential differences add up to the total which means that:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/d1/ql_5be5a53b134bdc3ee8b204f36be2e6d1_l3.png"/></p> <p>Which of course is the potential difference A->D that we are asked to calculate in 3.</p> <p><br></p> <p> Next up we go back to the second diagram where we have C' and C3 in a parallel connection. Having them in a parallel connection means that they have the same potential, but not the same charge and so using the potential difference Vad that we calculated moments ago we can calculate the charge of each capacitor now!</p> <p>So, like I said V3 = 14.4V and the charge of it is:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/7e/ql_569c7dd95b8939ed3f82f20ebd96be7e_l3.png"/></p> <p>For the equivalent we have a total charge of:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/22/ql_be1379a0692b4b2620412c820d6a3922_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p> Continuing on we get to the "given" diagram where C1 and C2 are in a serial connection and so have the same charge Q = Q1 = Q2 = 14.4 μC and V' = V1 + V2. Because they have the same capacitance and charge they also have the same potential difference (which is the half of V') and so:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/57/ql_e94c14f3d29b0ff6f320411463773e57_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>So, to sum up we have:</p> <ul> <li>Q1 = Q2 = 14.4μC, V1 = V2 = 7.2V (serial connection of equal capacity)</li> <li>Q3 = 28.8μC, V3 = 14.4V (equal to Vad)</li> <li>Q4 = 43.2μC, V4 = 21.6V</li> </ul> <p><br></p> <blockquote>You use this exact procedure for any combination of capacitors!</blockquote> <p><br></p> <h2>Electrical energy and density</h2> <p> Examples in this category are applications of the equations we talked about in my post and so I will just get into representative examples of such problems.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>1.</strong></p> <p>Suppose we have a capacitor (from the ones that we covered) with:</p> <ul> <li>capacitance C = 8μF</li> <li>distance d = 4mm between the plates</li> <li>potential difference V = 400V</li> </ul> <p>Calculate the energy density (u) in the space between it's plates.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Energy density is calculated using:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/33/ql_d6b1135205abf36578f7f86df3c57433_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>Because we have this "simple" capacitor we can calculate the electric field E using:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/f9/ql_41426aeea8866795bb58103f6a2c51f9_l3.png"/></p> <p>and so:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/cd/ql_36156e7f228e86f6f290282e81af66cd_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>2.</strong></p> <p>As a sub-question of other problems we might have:</p> <p> What is the electric potential energy (or internal energy) stored in a capacitor C with capacitance C = 300μF and potential difference V = 240V?</p> <p><br></p> <p>We simply check what is given to us and use the correct equation of the following:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/72/ql_bf2bed2a59723d207681db351337ac72_l3.png"/></p> <p>Of course C and V are known and so we use the "middle" one which gives us:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/53/ql_dc25c0b54eae5f1606846b1cfbce8f53_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>You might get this <strong>asked in other ways</strong> like this for example:</p> <blockquote> How much energy is consumed if the capacitor gets totally discharged when connecting it to a conductive cable, supposing that all his energy is turned into thermal energy.</blockquote> <p><br></p> <h2>Dielectrics</h2> <p> Let's get into some examples where we have to calculate one of the "elements" of a capacitor that contains a dielectric material.</p> <p><strong>1.</strong></p> <p> Let's suppose we have a capacitor (from the parallel plate ones) which has an dielectric material of dielectric constant K = 3.4 and dielectric strength 2 x 10^7 V/m. The capacitor needs to have a capacitance of C = 1.5nF and should withstand a total of 6000V of potential.</p> <p>What is the minimum area (A) that each capacitor plate should have?</p> <p><br></p> <p>For such a capacitor we can use the equation:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/ea/ql_356d2aee1224d7b141730d5d28c0c1ea_l3.png"/></p> <p>You can see that d and A are unknown and so what now?</p> <p>Well, with minimum A we mean smallest possible d, where d is of course limited by the dielectric strength.</p> <p>Using E = V/d we can calculate this distance:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/c2/ql_98ff72429ac64aca2a4e906409023ac2_l3.png"/></p> <p>That way the Area is now the only unknown variable and can be calculated with ease...</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/b7/ql_13cd4f50c3fb2d052748d9d267ab1bb7_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>2.</strong></p> <p>Suppose a capacitor where when there is no dielectric material the electric field is:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/5d/ql_b255e4c475cb4807b8658bd2dac3025d_l3.png"/></p> <p>When having a dielectric material throughout the "empty" space then the electric field is:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/7e/ql_5fd206bdfcaef2bd3d3702d19e48d27e_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>Calculate:</p> <ol> <li>The surface density of charge in the dielectric material</li> <li>The dielectric constant (K)</li> </ol> <p><br></p> <p>The questions can be done in the opposite order!</p> <p>2)</p> <p> We said that the factor in which the electric field decreases when insterting a dielectric material is equal to the dielectric constant K.</p> <p>And so:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/8a/ql_8cd009e38ecdb2d15402a0c1677f708a_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>1)</p> <p> Last time we talked about the relation between the charge density of the plates and the dielectric material and got the equation:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/d7/ql_580ecf5ed0fc07880f4a4c045ed830d7_l3.png"/></p> <p>The charge density at first is given by:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/27/ql_473b5de156f16954a6454ba7cc60f727_l3.png"/></p> <p>and so we finally have a charge density in the dielectric which is:</p> <p><img src="http://quicklatex.com/cache3/f4/ql_407bbdcfe65b357c84754bed34156bf4_l3.png"/></p> <p><br></p> <h2>Previous posts about Physics</h2> <p> <strong>Intro</strong></p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-introduction">Physics Introduction</a> -> what is physics?, Models, Measuring</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-vector-math-and-operations">Vector Math and Operations</a> -> Vector mathematics and operations (actually mathematical analysis, but I don't got into that before-hand :P) </p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>Classical Mechanics</strong></p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-velocity-and-acceleration-in-a-rectlinear-motion">Velocity and acceleration in a rectlinear motion</a> -> velocity, accelaration and averages of those</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-rectlinear-motion-with-constant-accelaration-and-free-falling">Rectlinear motion with constant accelaration and free falling</a> -> const accelaration motion and free fall</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-rectlinear-motion-with-variable-acceleration-and-velocity-relativity">Rectlinear motion with variable acceleration and velocity relativity</a> -> integrations to calculate pos and velocity, relative velocity</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-rectlinear-motion-exercises">Rectlinear motion exercises</a> -> examples and tasks in rectlinear motion</p> <p><br> <a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-position-velocity-and-acceleration-vectors-in-a-plane-motion">Position, velocity and acceleration vectors in a plane motion</a> -> position, velocity and accelaration in plane motion</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-projectile-motion-as-a-plane-motion">Projectile motion as a plane motion</a> -> missile/bullet motion as a plane motion</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-smooth-circular-motion">Smooth Circular motion</a> -> smooth circular motion theory</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-plane-motion-exercises">Plane motion exercises</a> -> examples and tasks in plane motions</p> <p><br> <a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-force-and-newton-s-first-law">Force and Newton's first law </a>-> force, 1st law</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-mass-and-newton-s-second-law">Mass and Newton's second law</a> -> mass, 2nd law</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-newton-s-3rd-law-and-mass-vs-weight">Newton's 3rd law and mass vs weight</a> -> mass vs weight, 3rd law, friction</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-applying-newton-s-laws">Applying Newton's Laws</a> -> free-body diagram, point equilibrium and 2nd law applications</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-contact-forces-and-friction">Contact forces and friction</a> -> contact force, friction</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-dynamics-of-circular-motion">Dynamics of Circular motion</a> -> circular motion dynamics, applications</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-object-equilibrium-and-2nd-law-application-examples">Object equilibrium and 2nd law application examples</a> -> examples of object equilibrium and 2nd law applications</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-contact-force-and-friction-examples">Contact force and friction examples</a> -> exercises in force and friction</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-circular-dynamic-and-vertical-circle-motion-examples">Circular dynamic and vertical circle motion examples </a>-> exercises in circular dynamics</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-classical-mechanics-advanced-newton-law-examples">Advanced Newton law examples</a> -> advanced (more difficult) exercises </p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>Electromagnetism</strong></p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-getting-into-electromagnetism">Getting into Electromagnetism</a> -> electromagnetim, electric charge, conductors, insulators, quantization</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-coulomb-s-law-with-examples">Coulomb's law with examples</a> -> Coulomb's law, superposition principle, Coulomb constant, how to solve problems, examples</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-fields-and-field-lines">Electric fields and field lines</a> -> Electric fields, Solving problems around Electric fields and field lines</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-dipoles">Electric dipoles </a>-> Electric dipole, torque, potential and field </p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-charge-and-field-exercises">Electric charge and field Exercises </a>-> examples in electric charges and fields</p> <p><br></p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-flux-and-gauss-s-law">Electric flux and Gauss's law</a> -> Electric flux, Gauss's law</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-applications-of-gauss-s-law-part-1">Applications of Gauss's law (part 1) </a>-> applying Gauss's law, Gauss applications</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-applications-of-gauss-s-law-part-2">Applications of Gauss's law (part 2)</a> -> more Gauss applications</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-flux-exercises">Electric flux exercises</a> -> examples in electric flux and Gauss's law</p> <p><br></p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-potential-energy">Electric potential energy</a> -> explanation of work-energy, electric potential energy</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-calculating-electric-potentials">Calculating electric potentials</a> -> more stuff about potential energy, potential, calculating potentials</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-equipotential-surfaces-and-potential-gradient">Equipotential surfaces and potential gradient</a> -> Equipotential surface, potential gradient</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-millikan-s-oil-drop-experiment">Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment</a> -> Millikan's experiment, electronvolt</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-cathode-ray-tubes-explained-using-electric-potential">Cathode ray tubes explained using electric potential</a> -> cathode ray tube explanation</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-potential-exercises-part-1">Electric potential exercises (part 1)</a> -> applications of potential</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-potential-exercises-part-2">Electric potential exercises (part 2) </a>-> applications of potential gradient, advanced examples</p> <p><br></p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-capacitors-condensers-and-capacitance">Capacitors (Condensers) and Capacitance</a> -> Capacitors, capacitance, calculating capacitance</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-how-to-solve-problems-around-capacitors">How to solve problems around Capacitors</a> -> combination, solving problems, simple example</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-electric-field-energy-and-density">Electric field energy and density </a>-> Electric field energy, energy density</p> <p><a href="https://steemit.com/physics/@drifter1/physics-electromagnetism-dielectric-materials"> Dielectric materials</a> -> Dielectrics, dielectric constant, permittivity and strength, how to solve problems</p> <p><br></p> <p>And this is actually it for today and I hope that you enjoyed it!</p> <p>Next time we will start talking about electric currents!</p> <p>Bye!</p> </html>
| author | drifter1 |
|---|---|
| permlink | physics-electromagnetism-electric-capacitance-exercises |
| category | physics |
| json_metadata | 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| created | 2018-06-04 14:49:48 |
| last_update | 2018-06-04 15:02:36 |
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Read my profile if want me to resteem your post to over 72,500 followers. @a-0-0
| author | a-0-0 |
|---|---|
| permlink | re-drifter1-physics-electromagnetism-electric-capacitance-exercises-20180604t145001083z |
| category | physics |
| json_metadata | {"tags":["physics"],"users":["a-0-0"],"app":"steemit/0.1"} |
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👍
| author | abimp |
|---|---|
| permlink | re-drifter1-physics-electromagnetism-electric-capacitance-exercises-20180604t155237544z |
| category | physics |
| json_metadata | {"tags":["physics"],"app":"steemit/0.1"} |
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Applying all these equations is really easy and the basic theory knowledge needed to apply them is actually also not very difficult to learn! I think that the exercises that I did are enough, but if you think that I should do some more advanced ones let me know! Of course Capacitance will not be gone now and will be used in later posts again...the same way as we used charges, electric fields and potential with capacitors!
| author | drifter1 |
|---|---|
| permlink | re-drifter1-physics-electromagnetism-electric-capacitance-exercises-20180604t151325255z |
| category | physics |
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hiveblocks