Turbidites and Treefall Gaps: Rejecting A Newtonian View of Nature by mountainwashere

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steemstem · @mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

$56.00

Turbidites and Treefall Gaps: Rejecting A Newtonian View of Nature

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<p>During the 1800s, the Victorians, inspired by Newton, became convinced of the fundamentally mechanical nature of the universe. The planets moved as exactly as the hands of a clock. Every star, every animal, every plant, and every human was a precisely milled gear in the mechanism of the universe. Each species filled its role perfectly and frictionlessly, as it was meant to. The Victorians rapidly began applying Newtonian principles everywhere.</p>
<p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg/800px-Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg" width="800" height="561"/><br>
<em>An orrery, a Victorian era working model of the solar system.</em>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wright_of_Derby,_The_Orrery.jpg">Image source</a>]</p>
<p>The noted Victorian biologist Alfred Russel Wallace gives us a great example of a mechanistic view of nature. He was best known for discovering evolution simultaneously with the older Charles Darwin, and then losing the credit when Darwin published first. (Darwin had the better grasp of the idea as well, though Wallace was certainly brilliant.) As a young man, Wallace traveled widely in South America. He said of the Amazon rainforest that "<em>Every form of vegetation has become alike adapted to its genial heat and ample moisture, which has probably changed little even throughout geological periods</em>". The whole Victorian idea of the Amazon was that it was a stable, unchanging gear in the clock.&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_attributed_to_John_William_Beaufort_%281864-1943%29.jpg/468px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_attributed_to_John_William_Beaufort_%281864-1943%29.jpg" width="468" height="600"/><br>
<em>Alfred Russel Wallace</em> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace#/media/File:Alfred_Russel_Wallace,_attributed_to_John_William_Beaufort_(1864-1943).jpg">Image source</a>]</p>
<p>This worldview wasn't just limited to scientists, by any means. Almost every Victorian intellectual believed this, from the most devout Christian to the staunchest follower of Darwin. It didn't matter whether God or evolution had placed species where they were, it just mattered that they fit exactly, just as these ideas exactly fit the character of the time. It justified the social inequality rampant in the streets. It positioned mankind perfectly as the rightful ruler of nature. Victorian intellectual life offered every incentive to fall into this deterministic mode of thought. This was our best possible world, and everything and everyone belonged precisely where they were.</p>
<p>And they were completely wrong.</p>
<p>Newtonian physics works quite adequately for describing some basic orbital problems and the like. Physicists might gripe about it when it comes to relativity and quantum mechanics, but it's still perfectly fine to use for plenty of calculations. Unfortunately, it doesn't work at all when it comes to much of the rest of the universe. It's not a finely milled machine. We don't live in a deterministic universe.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Most people have probably at least heard about the fundamental unpredictability of the universe at a quantum scale, and that does interact with the macroscopic world (you've all heard the one about the cat in the box, right?), but that's not the only source of unpredictability in our universe. If you were to restart the universe, to run the whole experiment from the exact same starting point, it would always turn out different.&nbsp;</p>
<p>There's a few reasons for this, but it can, for the most part, be boiled down to emergent property. An emergent property is an unpredictable aspect of a system that arises from the interactions of simple, predictable parts. The study of emergent systems is an exceptionally complicated field, and we can't do it justice here, but it's worth discussing.</p>
<p>The Victorian model of the universe was one that fundamentally based in the idea that order is birthed from order, and gives rise to more order. In reality, most order is birthed from chaos. Turbidites are a fantastic example of this. Turbidites are a type of sedimentary rock. They're characterized by their incredibly even, tabular shape. They're one of the most orderly, clean-shaped rock deposits you'll ever find- and they're the deposits from the incredibly chaotic flows of underwater landslides. This is the result of a counterintuitive process- chaotic flow produces orderly, even deposits, while gentler, more orderly laminar flow produces jumbled, chaotic deposits.&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Turbidites.jpg" width="353" height="263"/><br>
<em>A series of turbidite deposits. </em>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turbidites.jpg">Image source</a>]</p>
<p>Why does a chaotic flow produce a more orderly deposit of sediment? Essentially, the flow mixes all the sediment it's carrying around, while a calmer flow just carries it along as it picked it up. Since it's unlikely that it was picked up in an orderly fashion, the sediment is unlikely to be deposited in an orderly fashion. In the turbulent flow, however, each particle of sediment is shaken and moved about, and the bigger grains are less affected by the currents than the smaller, resulting in the flow being arranged vertically by sediment size. Have you ever shaken a jar of rocks until the big ones end up on the bottom and the small ones on the top? It's the same principle.</p>
<p>Turbidites are far from the only orderly structures in nature produced by chaotic means. Crystals are grown in almost the same manner- the random movement of dissolved particles in the solution a crystal is grown in brings them together onto the crystal seed, producing the orderly internal structure of the crystal. Hurricanes are also emergent structures, as are the dendritic shapes many rivers take. This is very much a simplification of the concept, but it works well.</p>
<p>Treefall gaps illustrate another interesting way in in which nature defies Newtonian determinism. A treefall gap is when a tree or a large limb falls, clearing a hole in a forest from the canopy on down. It creates a new, abrupt change in the forest- an entirely new environment in which new saplings can grow, different animals flourish, and change in the forest occurs rapidly. In a diverse, healthy forest, there's absolutely no telling what will take root there- it's entirely unpredictable. This unpredictability is due to life's ability to react differently to different situations. There's no way to predict those reactions because there is no best adaptation- for any problem or new opportunity a species faces, there are countless different solutions to develop.&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Small_Forest_Gap.JPG/800px-Small_Forest_Gap.JPG" width="800" height="600"/><br>
<em>Looking up into a treefall gap.</em> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Small_Forest_Gap.JPG">Image source</a>]</p>
<p>Remember talking about the Amazon a little while ago? It's by no means the unchanging, stable place that Wallace thought it was. It's no gear. It turns out that the extreme biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest comes from, essentially, tree gaps on an immense scale. During the last ice age, much of the world's water was locked up in the ice caps. This resulted in significantly lower rainfall in the Amazon. In response, the forest contracted against the rivers, leaving huge gaps of savannah-like environment between now-separate forests. The species resident in these places quickly began diverging evolutionarily. When the Ice Age ended and the forests reconnected, one species might find that it had become two, or three, or sixty.&nbsp;</p>
<p>To sum it all up: Nature builds order out of chaos, and it does so unpredictably when it comes to life due to life's ability to try different strategies. When you treat nature as predictable, you find that it becomes completely unpredictable. Now that we have started to treat nature as an unpredictable, chaotic, living thing, however, we're starting to be able to understand and predict it a little better.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Life is messy. Revel in it.</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>********************************<br>
<strong>Bibliography:</strong></p>
<p>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence</p>
<p>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treefall_gap</p>
<p>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics#Limits_of_validity</p>
<p>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidite</p>
<p><a href="https://smile.amazon.com/Wonderful-Life-Burgess-Nature-History/dp/039330700X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&amp;rps=1&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1513414830&amp;sr=1-1&amp;keywords=wonderful+life&amp;refinements=p_85%3A2470955011">Wonderful Life, by Stephen Jay Gould</a></p>
<p><a href="https://smile.amazon.com/Land-Ghosts-Braided-Western-Amazonia/dp/039571284X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1513414795&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=a+land+of+ghosts">A Land of Ghosts, by David G. Campbell</a></p>
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@joseferrer · Dec 17 '17

excellent post I love, greetings I follow you when you want to go through my profile. Thank you.

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@mageofthoughts · Dec 17 '17

$0.04

I remember my classess is comparative anatomy, all these reminds me of facts and some few evidences. Whats importance is, we indeed are in a magnificent existence in this amazing world.  Chaos and Order are both relative terms ...

👍 mountainwashere

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@mitneb · Dec 17 '17

$0.09

Very good article, @mountainwashere!  You have done a great job at outlining the history of western thought during this critical period in modern history.  

There is so much we take for granted, or assume to be true simply because it has become ingrained in our cultural mindset, and we don't even question how the thought even came to be.  This plays out in every aspect of life, and it is true for every people and culture.

What would happen if I began to be curious about everything? 

What might be revealed if I began to understand things from the perspective of the thing?

These are thoughts worth gnawing on.

How might things be different in my life if I took a moment to understand more deeply?

What might I discover about my place in the world, and the world's place in me?

I have upvoted and resteemed this article for you.  I found the link to in in #unmentionables.

Cheers!
@mitneb

👍 mountainwashere

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@mountainwashere · Dec 17 '17

Thanks, I'm glad you liked it!

Questioning your own assumptions is difficult- we're a shortsighted species, and it's far too easy to forget that the way things are now ism't the way they've always been.

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@mitneb · Dec 17 '17

For sure, @mountainwashere! One of the benefits of getting older is realizing that things might not be as they seem. 
Cheers! 
@mitneb

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@mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

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@originalworks · Dec 16 '17

originalworks

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@revisesociology · Dec 16 '17

$0.06

Hi - to give you something to chew on besides spam - the guy in this video offers another very nice criticism of the scientific worldview you talk about above:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lo0X2ZdElQ4

Where do you stand on global warming btw? If what you say is true, then I guess it doesn't matter what we do, as there's no way of telling how nature's going to react to it!

👍 mountainwashere

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@mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

...If that's the lesson you took out of my post, either you badly misinterpeted it or I wrote it very poorly. I'm criticising a 150 year old approach to science that is very, very different than today's approaches. We can, in fact, predict how nature will respond to what we do, because we treat it as a complex system, rather than as a clockwork mechanism. 

And as for climate change, I'm in school for geology. You're not going to find many more staunch defenders of the science behind climate change, nor people more dedicated to fighting climate change.

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@sajeeb240896 · Dec 16 '17

Nice post

👍 sajeeb240896
👎 mountainwashere

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@mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

Nice spam. Seriously, though, if you were to put just a little bit of effort into making people feel like you've actually read their posts, you'd get a much better reaction.

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@steemcleaners · Dec 16 '17

$1.78

Spamming comments is frowned upon by the community. 

Comment spam is currently defined by @steemcleaners as:

* 10 or more generic comments per day that are not in response to a question posed by the post or comment. “Thanks”, “Great Post!”, “Great Photo!”, “Good”, “Like”, “Nice”, “Wow”, “Cute”, “Follow me”, etc.

* Commenting on old posts to hide self up-votes or a voting trail.

* Copy/Paste comments that serve no purpose or the purpose is self promotion.

* Comments that inform the contributor that they have been up upvoted, resteemed, or flagged when the curator does not actually upvote, resteem, or flag the post.

* Unsolicited and off topic referral links.

Continued comment spamming may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).

More Info: <a href="https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.

👍 adm, mountainwashere

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@sajeeb240896 · Dec 16 '17

Your post is so worst that's nobody wants to read and comment here and that's why you have to hire bots like @orginalworks to get up votes...haha how funny.you big mouth.

👍 sajeeb240896
👎 mobbs, mountainwashere

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@mobbs · Dec 16 '17

lol

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@mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

I know, right? Spamming's annoying but easy enough to ignore, but insulting me when I call them on it?

properties (22)

2 replies

@mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

Original Works is a bot meant to certify that a work isn't plagiarized. Though I meant my criticism to be constructive in hopes that you might improve, I am happy to go through and flag every single one of your spam comments. Oh, and I also noticed that cheetah has flagged you for plagiarism as well, might as well flag that as well.

Oh, and on top of that, you decided to insult me. Oooh, not very polite of you, was it?

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@steemcleaners · Dec 16 '17

$1.77

Spamming comments is frowned upon by the community. 

Comment spam is currently defined by @steemcleaners as:

* 10 or more generic comments per day that are not in response to a question posed by the post or comment. “Thanks”, “Great Post!”, “Great Photo!”, “Good”, “Like”, “Nice”, “Wow”, “Cute”, “Follow me”, etc.

* Commenting on old posts to hide self up-votes or a voting trail.

* Copy/Paste comments that serve no purpose or the purpose is self promotion.

* Comments that inform the contributor that they have been up upvoted, resteemed, or flagged when the curator does not actually upvote, resteem, or flag the post.

* Unsolicited and off topic referral links.

Continued comment spamming may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).

More Info: <a href="https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.

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@superfluousman · Dec 16 '17

$0.06

Nice post describing emergence. It's evident throughout nature including in human affairs.

👍 mountainwashere

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@mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

Thanks! And yeah, it most definitely is.

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@sustainablyyours · Dec 16 '17

$0.08

Very well written and educational! I had no idea what turbidites were going in, but you did a really good job explaining it in simple terms. Reading this reminded me of [the double slit experiment](http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a22280/double-slit-experiment-even-weirder/) and the mind bending implications it has for our reality.

👍 mountainwashere

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@mountainwashere · Dec 16 '17

Thanks, I'm glad you liked it!

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