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HYPERLOOP - BACK TO THE FUTURE
A hyperloop is a futurastic transport mode of passenger and/or portage transportation, with the help of vactrain (or vacuum tube train) design released by a joint team from Tesla and SpaceX.
Drawing was from Robert Goddard's vactrain, a hyperloop consists of a sealed tube or system of tubes through which a pod may travel free of air resistance or friction conveying people or objects at optimal speed and acceleration.
Hyperloop concept was first published in 2013, proposing and examining rout from Los Angeles to San Francisco Bay Area. The paper consisted of a hyperloop system that would trsvel people along 350-miles(560 km)
route at an average speed of about 600 mph (970 km/h), with a top speed of 750 mph (1200km/h) resulting in travel time of 35 minutes, which is way faster than present rail or air travel time.
The Hyperloop concept has been explicitly "open-sourced" by Musk and SpaceX, and others have been encouraged to take the ideas and further develop them.
To that end, a few companies have been formed, and several interdisciplinary student-led teams are working to advance the technology.
SpaceX built an approximately 1-mile-long (1.6 km) subscale track for its pod design competition at its headquarters in Hawthorne, California.
HISTORY:
The general idea of trains or other transportation traveling through evacuated tubes dates back more than a century.
Musk first mentioned that he was thinking about a concept for a "fifth mode of transport", calling it the Hyperloop, in July 2012 at a PandoDaily event in Santa Monica, California.
This high-speed mode of transportation would have the following characteristics:
-Immunity to weather
-collision free
-Twice the speed of a plane
-Low power consumption
-Energy storage for 24-hour operations
The name Hyperloop was chosen because it would go in a loop. Musk envisions the more advanced versions will be able to go at hypersonic speed.
From late 2012 to August 2013, a group of engineers from Tesla and SpaceX worked on the modeling of Hyperloop. An early system design was published in the Tesla and SpaceX blogs which describes one potential design, function, pathway, and cost of a hyperloop system.
According to the alpha design, pods would accelerate to slowing down speed gradually using a linear electric motor and glide above their track on air bearings through tubes above ground on columns or below ground in tunnels to avoid the dangers of grade crossings.
An ideal hyperloop system will be more energy-efficient, quiet, and autonomous than existing modes of mass transit.
On January 29, 2017, approximately one year after winning phase one of the Hyperloop pod competition, the MIT Hyperloop pod demonstrated the first ever low-pressure Hyperloop run in the world.
THEORY AND OPERATION:
Developments in high-speed transport have historically been disrupt by the difficulties in managing friction and air resistance, both of which become significant when vehicles approach high speeds.
The vactrain concept eliminates these obstacles by occupying magnetically levitating (maglev) trains in evacuated (airless) or partly evacuated tubes, allowing for speeds of thousands of miles per hour.
However, the high cost of magnetic technology and the difficulty of maintaining a vacuum over large distances has prevented this type of system from ever being built. The Hyperloop resembles a vactrain system but operates at approximately one millibar (100 Pa) of pressure.
Artist's impression of a Hyperloop capsule: Air compressor on the front, passenger compartment in the middle, battery compartment at the back, and air caster skis at the bottom.
INITIAL DESIGN CONCEPT:
The Hyperloop concept is specially designed for "capsules" or "pods" through a steel tube maintained at a partial vacuum.
In Musk's original concept, each capsule floats on a 0.02–0.05 in (0.5–1.3 mm) layer of air provided under pressure to air-caster "skis", similar to how pucks are suspended in an air hockey table, while still allowing for speeds that wheels cannot sustain.
Hyperloop technology uses passive maglev for the same purpose. Linear induction motors located along the tube will accelerate and decelerate the capsule to the appropriate speed for each section of the tube route.
With rolling resistance eliminated and air resistance greatly reduced, the capsules can glide for the bulk of the journey. In Musk's original Hyperloop concept, an electrically driven inlet fan and air compressor would be placed at the nose of the capsule to "actively transfer high-pressure air from the front to the rear of the vessel,"
resolving the problem of air pressure building in front of the vehicle, slowing it down.
In the alpha-level concept, passenger-only pods are of 7 ft 4 in (2.23 m) in diameter and projected to reach a top speed of 760 mph (1,220 km/h) to maintain aerodynamic efficiency. The design proposes passengers experience a maximum inertial acceleration of 0.5 g, about 2 or 3 times that of a commercial airliner on takeoff and landing.
A 3D sketch of the Hyperloop infrastructure. The steel tubes are rendered transparent in this image.
PROPOSED ROUTES:
A number of routes have been proposed for Hyperloop systems that meet the approximate distance conditions for which a Hyperloop provides improved transport times.
-In 2013 the rout sugested for alpha-level design document was from the Greater Los Angeles Area to the San Francisco Bay Area.
-Many of the active Hyperloop routes being planned currently are outside of the U.S. Hyperloop One published the world's first detailed business case for a 300-mile (500 km) route between Helsinki and Stockholm, which will tunnel under the Baltic Sea to connect the two capitals in under 30 minutes.
-In September 2017, Hyperloop One selected 10 routes from 35 of the strongest proposals: Toronto-Montreal, Cheyenne-Denver-Pueblo, Miami-Orlando, Dallas-Laredo-Houston, Chicago-Columbus-Pittsburgh, Mexico City-Guadalajara, Edinburgh-London, Glasgow-Liverpool, Bengaluru-Chennai and Mumbai-Chennai.
- Scotland to Wales
- Miami to Orlando
- Toronto to Montreal
- Edinburgh to London
REFERENCE:
- "Pando Monthly presents a fireside chat with Elon Musk". pando.com. PandoDaily. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
- Hawkins, Andrew J. (June 18, 2016). "Here are the Hyperloop pods competing in Elon Musk's big race later this year". The Verge. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
- Galang, Jessica. "TransPod raises $20 million seed round to continue hyperloop development". BetaKit. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
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