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Tasks with Speed Adjustment in Real-Time Embedded Systems by alfonsoalfonsi

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Tasks with Speed Adjustment in Real-Time Embedded Systems
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##### Hello, Friends of Hive and dear readers, it is a pleasure to be with you presenting topics of science, research, technology, and innovation. 
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##### Hola Amigos de Hive y apreciados lectores, un gusto estar con ustedes presentándoles temas de la ciencia, investigación, tecnología e innovación. 
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When using the [real-time schedulers](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-real-time-systems-scheduling-context-and-cyclic-executive) and [Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-dynamic-voltage-and-frequency-scaling-dvfs), there is a trade-off between adjusting the voltage and/or frequency and meeting the temporal constraints of the tasks that belong to an application.
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Cuando se utilizan la dupla [planificadores de tiempo real](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-real-time-systems-scheduling-context-and-cyclic-executive) y [Escalamiento Dinámico Voltaje y Frecuencia (DVFS: Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling)](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-dynamic-voltage-and-frequency-scaling-dvfs), hay que propiciar el equilibrio entre el ajuste del voltaje y/o frecuencia y, el cumplimiento de las restricciones temporales de las tareas que pertenecen a una aplicación.
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In addition, such a decision brings with it issues inherent to [software-middleware-layer context switching](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-context-switching-at-the-software-middleware-layer) to interrupt and replace a running task with another of higher priority, interrupt handling and internal memory control.
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Además, tal decisión trae consigo asuntos inherentes al [cambio de contexto en la capa intermedia de software](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-context-switching-at-the-software-middleware-layer) para interrumpir y sustituir a una tarea en ejecución por otra de mayor prioridad, manejo de interrupciones y control de la memoria interna.
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Not to mention, it is inherent to software and hardware developers to consider the timing and power requirements of the embedded systems (ES) application in [the early stages of development](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-styled-embedded-systems-part-5-development-methodology-2-adaptation-of-methodological-approaches) to avoid redesigns.
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Sin olvidar, lo inherente a los desarrolladores de software y hardware que deben considerar los requerimientos temporales y de energía en la aplicación con Sistemas Empotrados (SE) en [las primeras fases a su desarrollo](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-styled-embedded-systems-part-5-development-methodology-2-adaptation-of-methodological-approaches) para para evitar rediseños.
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So, let's see how this temporal synergy and DVFS works with the support of <b>Figure 1</b>.
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Entonces, veamos cómo funciona esta sinergia temporal y DVFS con el apoyo de la <b>Figura 1</b>.
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![Fig 1.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/alfonsoalfonsi/23y9HNL3rVbuApvabouQcAL5brMbfQukn2zdyDFVq8AnAnsTFjAWmfPjkaFfbgqdicrrr.jpg)
<sup><b>Figura 1</b>. Relación entre los parámetros de tiempo real de una tarea y la velocidad de procesamiento.</sup>  
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![Separador 2.jpg](https://files.peakd.com/file/peakd-hive/alfonsoalfonsi/23wWpWoU3soCsKCuDtjegfFvuWwiTJUQXF1b4u4Qpv9uqv3xozWuFQcj7RHa2oLpsxNVL.jpg)
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So, let's see how this temporal synergy and DVFS works with the support of <b>Figure 1</b>.
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Entonces, veamos cómo funciona esta sinergia temporal y DVFS con el apoyo de la <b>Figura 1</b>.
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### <i>First: a review // Primero: un repaso</i>
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A real-time task is at least characterized by the tern <b><i>T<sub>i</sub>=(C<sub>i</sub>, D<sub>i</sub>, P<sub>i</sub>, φ<sub>i</sub>)  ∀i∈(1,2, …, N)</i></b>, where <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b>, is the computation time required to complete its execution at each of its activations, <b><i>D<sub>i</sub></i></b> is the admissible response delivery time, <b><i>P<sub>i</sub></i></b> is the activation period for the process, and <b><i>φ<sub>i</sub></i></b> is the initial lag. The <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> in the worst case is the <b><i>WCET</i></b>  (Worst Case Execution Time). For more information, I invite you to the post where I explain the topic of [real-time tasks](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-real-time-system-real-time-task). 
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Una tarea de tiempo real se caracteriza, por lo menos, con la terna <b><i>T<sub>i</sub>=(C<sub>i</sub>, D<sub>i</sub>, D<sub>i</sub>, φ<sub>i</sub>) ∀i∈(1,2, …, N)</i></b>, donde <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> es el tiempo de cómputo necesario para completar su ejecución en cada una de sus activaciones, <b><i>D<sub>i</sub></i></b> es el plazo de entrega de respuesta admisible, <b><i>P<sub>i</sub></i></b> es el período de activación para el proceso y <b><i>φ<sub>i</sub></i></b> es el desfase inicial. El <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> en el peor caso es el <b><i>WCET </i></b> (Worst Case Execution Time).Para mas información, te invito al post donde explico el tema de [tareas de tiempo real](https://peakd.com/hive-196387/@alfonsoalfonsi/eng-spa-real-time-system-real-time-task)
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### <i> Second: my contribution // Segundo: mi aporte.</i>
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On the other hand, for voltage and frequency tuning, I introduce <b>the normalized scaling factor</b> of the <b><i>j</i></b> processor frequencies <b><i>α<sub>i</sub></i></b>, given by <b><i>f<sub>i</sub>/f<sub>max</sub>∀j∈(1,2,…, M)</i></b>, under satisfactory conditions. Where <b><i>α<sub>i</sub>=1</i></b> when <b><i>f<sub>i</sub>=f<sub>max</sub></i></b>. Moreover, the conditions donde <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b>. In addition, conditions are met where the values of <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> are between a minimum and maximum and, the <b><i>D<sub>i</sub>≤ P<sub>i</sub></i></b>; <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> at maximum frequency being Worst Case Execution Times (<b>WCET</b>). The edge <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> is the limit that allows some frequency located between <b><i>f<sub>min</sub>≤f<sub>edge</sub>≤f<sub>max</sub></i></b>,  which preserves its logical and operational properties in the processor.
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Por otro lado, para el ajuste de voltaje y frecuencia, introduzco el <b>factor de escalamiento normalizado</b> de las <b><i>j</i></b> frecuencias del procesador <b><i>α<sub>i</sub></i></b>, dada por <b><i>f<sub>i</sub>/f<sub>max</sub>∀j∈(1,2,…, M)</i></b>, en condiciones satisfactorias. Donde <b><i>α<sub>i</sub>=1</i></b> cuando la <b><i>f<sub>i</sub>=f<sub>max</sub></i></b>. Además se cumplen las condiciones donde los valores de b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> están entre un mínimo y máximo y, el <b><i>D<sub>i</sub>≤ P<sub>i</sub></i></b>; siendo Ci a frecuencia máxima el Peor de los Casos (<b>WCET</b>: Worst Case Execution Times). El <b><i>C<sub>i</sub></i></b> de borde es el límite que permite alguna frecuencia ubicada entre <b><i>f<sub>min</sub>≤f<sub>borde</sub>≤f<sub>max</sub></i></b>, que conserve sus propiedades lógicas y operacionales en el procesador.
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### Third: explanation // Tercero: explicación
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Then, we will focus on the execution of the three (3) instances of <b><i>T<sub>i,k</sub></i></b>depicted in <b>Figure 1</b>.
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Entonces, nos centraremos en la ejecución de las tres (3) instancias de <b><i>T<sub>i,k</sub></i></b> representadas en la <b>Figura 1</b>.
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In the first instance <b><i>T<sub>i,1</sub></i></b> (blue color) is run with <b><i>WCET<sub>i</sub></i></b> at <b><i>f<sub>max</sub></i></b>, it also meets the temporal conditions.
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En la primera instancia <b><i>T<sub>i,1</sub></i></b> (color azul) se ejecuta con <b><i>WCET<sub>i</sub></i></b> a  <b><i>f<sub>max</sub></i></b>, además cumple con las condiciones temporales.
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In the second instance <b><i>T<sub>i,1</sub></i></b> (green color) is represented at a higher <b><i>C<sub>i,2</sub></i></b>, because as the speedup decreases the execution times increase. However, it still complies with the temporal conditions.
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En la segunda instancia <b><i>T<sub>i,1</sub></i></b> (color verde) se representa a un <b><i>C<sub>i,2</sub></i></b> mayor, porque al bajar la velocidad los tiempos de ejecución aumentan. No obstante, sigue cumpliendo con las condiciones temporales.

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The third instance <b><i>T<sub>i,3</sub></i></b> (yellow color) represents a <b><i>C<sub>i,3</sub></i></b> that exceeds the imposed real-time constraints. Even if, the processor can reach its minimum speed, it should not be applied because it would incur a malfunction of the application where the task comes to life.
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La tercera instancia <b><i>T<sub>i,3</sub></i></b> (color amarillo) representa un <b><i>C<sub>i,3</sub></i></b> que excede las restricciones impuestas de tiempo real. Aun cuando, el procesador pueda llegar su velocidad mínima, no se debería aplicar porque se incurriría en un mal funcionamiento de la aplicación donde hace vida la tarea.
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Adjusting the frequency of operation to execute a task or a set of tasks, which are being planned with real-time requirements, brings a commitment to the Embedded System developers because if it exceeds its completion deadline or period, the performance of the application would be compromised.
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Ajustar la frecuencia de operación para ejecutar una tarea o un conjunto de tareas, que están siendo planificadas con requerimientos de tiempo real, trae un compromiso por parte de los desarrolladores de Sistema Empotrados, porque si se llega a exceder de su plazo de finalización o periodo, el desempeño de la aplicación estaría comprometido.
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Therefore, it is recommended within the development methodology, to make early the respective models and simulations, to have quantitative approximations, which will then be reflected in the embedded software or hardware mechanisms, to take advantage of these adjustments.
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Por tanto, se recomienda dentro de la metodología de desarrollo, hacer en forma temprana los modelos y simulaciones respectivas, para tener cuantitativamente aproximaciones, que luego serán plasmadas en el software empotrado o en los mecanismos por hardware, para sacar provecho de estos ajustes.
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This allows making adjustments to the energy consumed by the tasks without violating their temporal characteristics, a subject that I will discuss in my next post.
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Lo anterior, permite concretar ajustes de la energía consumida por las tareas sin vulnerar sus características temporales, asunto que trataré en mi próximo post.
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See you soon, I hope the reading has been enriching.
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Nos vemos pronto, espero que la lectura haya sido enriquecedora.
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I invite you to visit me and follow me @alfonsoalfonsi.
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Los invito a visitarme y seguirme en @alfonsoalfonsi.
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Alfonsi A., Yánez R. y Pérez J. (2017). Distribución del Tiempo Ocioso Orientado al Ahorro de Energía en Tareas de Control de Tiempo Real. Revista Ciencia e Ingeniería, 38(2), 159-166.
https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5075/507555007008/html/

Alsheikhy, A. (2021). Dynamic approach to minimize overhead and response time in scheduling
periodic real-time tasks. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 8(4), 75-8.
https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.04.009

Herrera, C., Hajek, D. & Narciso F. (2020). <i>Principles of Operating Systems</i> (2020 ed.). Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US.
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###### Figure and Image Credits / Créditos a Figuras e Imágenes
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<sub>Title image was made by @alfonsoalfonsi using CANVAS and</sub> <sup>[PxHere image](https://pxhere.com/es/photo/744118?utm_content=clipUser&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pxhere">PxHere).</sup>
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<sub>La imagen del Título fue realizado por @alfonsoalfonsi usando</sub> <sup>CANVAS e [imagen de PxHere]( https://pxhere.com/es/photo/744118?utm_content=clipUser&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pxhere">PxHere).</sup>
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<sub>The separator is my property made with CANVAS and</sub> <sup>[klipartz image](https://c0.klipartz.com/pngpicture/342/164/gratis-png-halo-de-iluminacion-de-escenario-efecto-de-luz-de-brillo-ilustracion-de-chispa-amarilla.png).</sup>
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<sub>El separador es de mi propiedad realizado con CANVAS e</sub> <sup>[imagen de klipartz image](https://c0.klipartz.com/pngpicture/342/164/gratis-png-halo-de-iluminacion-de-escenario-efecto-de-luz-de-brillo-ilustracion-de-chispa-amarilla.png).</sup>
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<sub>The banner and photographs are my property. Made with Power</sub> <sup>Point, Paint and Linerock Investment LTD ToonMe application.</sup>
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<sub>El banner y las fotografías son de mi propiedad. Realizado con</sub> <sup>PowerPoint, Paint y Linerock Investment LTD Aplicación ToonMe.</sup>
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@hivebuzz ·
You're welcome @alfonsoalfonsi.

BTW, we need your help!
May we ask you to support our proposal so our team can continue its work?
You can do it on [Peakd](https://peakd.com/me/proposals/199), [ecency](https://ecency.com/proposals/199), [Hive.blog](https://wallet.hive.blog/proposals) or [using HiveSigner](https://hivesigner.com/sign/update_proposal_votes?proposal_ids=%5B%22199%22%5D&approve=true) 
https://peakd.com/me/proposals/199

Your support would be very helpful.
Thank you!<div class="pull-right"><a href="/@hive.engage">![](https://i.imgur.com/XsrNmcl.png)</a></div>
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@josegilberto ·
Una publicación técnica y profesional, @alfonsoalfonsi.Buen trabajo
👍  , , ,
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vote details (4)
@alfonsoalfonsi ·
Gracias @josegilberto por tu apoyo y comentario.
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@ramonycajal ·
Su post ha sido valorado por @ramonycajal

![microscope.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmcb9N21n9jxKJAyszgc6hzToELf1YspiZKS5QEwbMHbcn/microscope.jpg)
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@alfonsoalfonsi ·
Hola, @ramonycajal gracias por apoyar mi post. Estamos en comunicación.
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@stemsocial ·
re-alfonsoalfonsi-tasks-with-speed-adjustment-in-real-time-embedded-systems-20220604t140853247z
<div class='text-justify'> <div class='pull-left'>
 <img src='https://stem.openhive.network/images/stemsocialsupport7.png'> </div>

Thanks for your contribution to the <a href='/trending/hive-196387'>STEMsocial community</a>. Feel free to join us on <a href='https://discord.gg/9c7pKVD'>discord</a> to get to know the rest of us!

Please consider delegating to the @stemsocial account (85% of the curation rewards are returned).

You may also include @stemsocial as a beneficiary of the rewards of this post to get a stronger support.&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />
</div>
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@alfonsoalfonsi ·
Gracias @stemsocial por apoyar este post. Seguimos creando contenidos.
👍  
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@topfivefamily ·
<center>
[![Logo-Preliminar-topfivefamilyCarlos.png](https://steemitimages.com/600x350/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaVLb7D4tbae386qTvuJxY14s6qZSoQ39QvZQdKwhgURp/Logo-Preliminar-topfivefamilyCarlos.png)](https://hive.blog/@topfivefamily)
**Con el apoyo de la familia.**
# **Trail de [TopFiveFamily](https://hive.vote/dash.php?trail=topfivefamily&i=1)**
</center>
👍  
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@alfonsoalfonsi ·
Gracias, gracias @topfivefamily por su apoyo. Estamos en comunicación.
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