<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmWgko6Rck8GU8gXjNRsdWp6DQTomkgQCKpemsEsmN4j2U/portad%20nueva%20esta.png"/></center>



<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Authored by @madridbg, via Power Point 2010, using public domain images. </div></blockquote></div>

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<div class="text-justify"> Welcome dear readers of the #hive platform, may the present research serve as a practical and methodological contribution that allows the insertion and uses of organic waste in a new system of production and production of products. 
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<div class="text-justify"> In this sense, through this publication we will address the extraction of pectin from orange peels, which are assumed as a pollutant that threatens the aesthetics of the spaces where they are deposited.
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<div class="text-justify"> So this type of material, descriptive and experimental in nature, will be shared through the @stemsocial community, who have remained at the forefront of this type of topics. 
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<center><h2><strong> INTRODUCTION </strong></h2></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> Scientific and technological advances have caused an accelerated and continuous development of humanity, which represents a determining element from the point of view of updating and progress of research to improve the quality of life of society. The agri-food field does not escape this reality and there are increasing investments that governments are making in this field of study, in search of food alternatives that improve the future welfare of the people.
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<div class="text-justify"> In this sense, in recent decades there has been a massive interest in the residues, wastes or by-products generated in agro-industrial transformations, from which the greatest use or yield is still not obtained, since their nutritional value is unknown and there are no effective methods for their transformation.
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<div class="text-justify"> In fact, the accumulation of waste is still visible, causing environmental problems, as well as visual contamination of the area where they are deposited, causing the appearance of unpleasant odors and microorganisms that produce diseases in the surrounding communities.
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<div class="text-justify"> That is why, in the following research, it aims to address a mechanism of reuse of waste (citrus fruit peels) and its inclusion in a new gear production and manufacture of these products.  Therefore, the process of extraction and quantification of pectins emerges as a measure that allows to reduce the appearance of waste, as well as to formulate new food products that meet the demands of society.  
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<center><h2><strong>OVERVIEW OF PECTINS</strong></h2></h2></h2></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> Throughout this contribution to the subject, we will focus our attention on those basic characteristics and properties that allow us to use pectins in processes associated with the preparation and production of food products. 
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<div class="text-justify"> In this regard, <strong>pectins </strong>are deposited on the wall or hulls of fruits and are responsible for providing hardness and resistance to them, chemically they are considered as a <strong>group of vegetable polysaccharides structured basically by molecules of D-galacturonic acid linked by glycosidic bonds, where some of the carboxyls may be esterified with methyl or in the form of salt. [1]</strong>. </div>
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmcTwSe9hSuHYAbqQYNGgsBi25cYN8TKX9Eb2tRagThsZs/imagen%202.1.png"/></center>


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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 2. Structural representation of pectins. Autor: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Methyliertes_Pektin.png" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com"> SamusAran at German </a></div></blockquote>
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<div class="text-justify"> At the industrial level, these polysaccharides fulfill diverse functions, which is why they can be expressed as a multifaceted product, highlighting their uses as gelling additives, thickeners, emulsifiers, stabilizers, among others. Pectins are used in the preparation of compotes, jellies and jams, to which their emulsifying property is attributed as a result of the formation of gels in the presence of sugars in an acid medium.
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<div class="text-justify"> Addressing other conceptual perspectives, we realize that pectins are used as fat substitutes for low-calorie foods, consequently, their functionality is attributed to the presence of polar and apolar regions within their molecule, which allows them to be incorporated into different food systems. [3]
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<div class="text-justify"> According to its extraction process, it is important to emphasize that there are different methods, including some already patented, where the yield is directly proportional to the selected method. In this sense, and in accordance with the needs of this research, the extraction process that we will study is associated with the use of a <strong>pre-treatment with ultrasound </strong>and <strong>acid hydrolysis </strong>for its subsequent characterization and use in pasteurized juices. </div>
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<center><h2><strong>METHODOLOGIES SUPPORTING PECTIN EXTRACTION </strong></h2></h2></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> In this section of the research, being methodological in nature, we have made bibliographic consultations in order to standardize a process that is as effective and efficient as possible, so that throughout our research we have found works that serve as conceptual support for the approaches established in this subject, among which are
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<div class="text-justify"> In this sense, Campos et al. (2016), in their study "Effect of pre-treatment with ultrasound in the extraction of pectin", the authors determined that the appropriate conditions in the extraction of pectins is at pH of 2.8 and temperature of 90°C, where the ultrasonic action, causes a macro turbulence and collisions of interparticles; managing to extract high quality pectins.
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<div class="text-justify"> Chávez (2011), in his work on pectin extraction from "Criollo orange" peel using the acid hydrolysis method, determined that using a pH of 2.0 in acidified water and a temperature of 90°C, the best percentage of pectin yield is obtained.
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<div class="text-justify"> Both investigations are important for this project, because they provide theoretical and practical foundations leading to the extraction of pectins from different fruits.
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<center><h2><strong>METHODOLOGY SUGGESTED ACCORDING TO THE THE THEORETICAL REVIEW CARRIED OUT </strong></h2></h2></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> As already mentioned, the importance of this study lies in reusing the waste generated <strong>(fruit peels) </strong>and its incorporation into a system for the production of new materials <strong>(pectins as additives) </strong>that will be used for food purposes, (emulsifiers, stabilizers and substitutes for substances with little nutritional value), meeting the demand for these products and generating a decrease in costs, quantity of waste and guaranteeing the obtaining of these additives through alternative methods to industrial processes. </div>


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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmeHqgU6JRMfMXS8Ch1kL3PrrdeauWz6WWEqd2iBdELhs1/imagen%203.1.jpg"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> Fig. 3. Orange peels as a raw material for obtaining pectins. Autor: <a href="https://pixabay.com/es/photos/c%C3%A1scara-c%C3%A1scara-de-naranja-peel-3992197/" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com">  congerdesign</a></div></blockquote>
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<div class="text-justify"> In this sense, we have developed a methodological sequence that will allow us to meet short, medium and long term goals, which we will describe below:
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<h3><strong> ABOUT THE GENERAL OBJECTIVES SET OUT
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<div class="text-justify"> 1. To extract pectins from citrus fruit wastes, to be used as additives in food products (jams, jellies), among others.
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<h3><strong> ON THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
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<div class="text-justify"> 1. To determine the optimal conditions for pectin extraction, using the acid hydrolysis method of citrus fruit peels. 
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<div class="text-justify"> 2. To physicochemically characterize the pectin extracted from citrus fruit peels produced and extracted by the applied method.
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<div class="text-justify"> 3. Compare the yield of extracted pectins, using the methods of direct acid hydrolysis and ultrasound pretreatment.
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<div class="text-justify"> 4. To sensorially evaluate the organoleptic characteristics of the product prepared based on the pectin extracted from citrus fruit peels by the methodological procedure suggested in this topic.</div>
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<h3><strong> ON MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
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<div class="text-justify"> In order to instruct the reader and generate a sustainable sequence in the treatment of the process we have designed the following methodological route that allows us to apply the extraction of the obtained pectin.
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<div class="text-justify"> Step 1: In this part we will perform the collection of waste, the same will be deposited in a suitable place to then be subjected to a process of sample preparation.  </div>
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmPACnCBRHmmdrgEggJP8c8YQ6TCeUxsgw4wAfs7BK6fm7/Imagen%204.1%20ingles.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> fig. 4. Waste collection and preparation . Authored by @madridbg, via Power Point 2010. </div></blockquote></div>


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<div class="text-justify"> Step 2: Preparation of the sample, the citrus peels, will be cut into small pieces and preheated for 15 minutes, this process is carried out in order to inactivate the enzymes, then filtered and ground to a particle size of 40 MESH.   </div>

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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmRgnJYDBoWujYX8D7kjdETCCq7rMStwsdkYWFyJNmZryb/Imagen%205.1%20ingles.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> fig. 5. Sample preparation process. Authored by @madridbg, via Power Point 2010, </div></blockquote></div>


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<div class="text-justify"> Step 3: Once the sample is prepared, it will be subjected to a pre-treatment, for its subsequent acid hydrolysis, the sequence can be seen in the following image.  </div>
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<center><img src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmd6zV1ukE1N8fv26rTHc3Z8rmyGr84jrTn7XBiQA3gwBR/Imagen%206.1%20ingles.png"/></center>

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<blockquote><div class="text-justify"> fig. 6. Sequence for the development of acid hydrolysis. Authored by @madridbg, via Power Point 2010, </div></blockquote></div>


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<center><h2><strong>ABOUT THE EXPECTED RESULTS </strong></h2></h2></h2></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> Through this research, it is expected to create a standard method for obtaining pectins with high yield and quality, which will satisfy the demand of the industry, since these substances as additives are essential in pasteurization processes, as well as in the preparation of other food species.
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<div class="text-justify"> On the other hand, as a result of the work with reused raw materials (citrus fruit peels), it is intended to reduce the environmental impact generated by this waste at the planetary level, mitigating the visual pollution of the area and reducing the proliferation of microorganisms in the foci of waste accumulation, which are responsible for or cause diseases in the surrounding areas. </div>

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<div class="text-justify"> On the other hand, the relevance of the research would serve as a valid methodological reference to be replicated by other research and teaching centers, achieving the diversification and production of additives with a view to exporting the products.
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<center><h2><strong>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS </strong></h2></h2></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> In this section it is necessary to instruct the reader and make it clear that the work proposed for this publication is of a conceptual nature. In this sense, the contributions are estimated in the medium and long term and we will break them down below:
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<div class="text-justify"> 1. It allows the incorporation of the residues produced (citrus fruit peels), even in the process of reuse and transformation of the same, which allows to reduce the environmental impact that these substances produce.
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<div class="text-justify"> 2. Through the proposal it is possible to standardize a process or method that allows to regulate the optimal conditions of pectin extraction, by means of the acid hydrolysis procedure of the citrus fruit peels produced and discarded.
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<div class="text-justify"> From my perspective, this type of work manages to integrate scientific fundamentals oriented to environmental care and improvement, beyond the economic income generated, hence the need for its replication on a large scale.</div> 

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<center><h2><strong> BIBLIOGRAPHY CONSULTED </strong></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"><strong>[1] Campo, Villada & Meneses. (2016).</strong> Effect of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of pectin contained in the albedo of passion fruit (passiflora edulis). Biotechnology in the Agricultural and Agroindustrial Sector. Vol 14 No. 1 (103 - 109).<a href="http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/bsaa/v14n1/v14n1a13.pdf" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com">Artículo: Acceso Online</a></div>
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<div class="text-justify">  <strong>[2] Chang, R. (2010). </strong> Química. Decima edicion. McGraw-hill Interamericana   editores. ISBN: 978-607-15-0307-7.
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<div class="text-justify"><strong>[3] Correa, C; Garza, Y; Rodríguez, J; Aguilar, C; Contreras, E. (1999).</strong> Enzymatically modified low methoxyl pectin gels. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, vol. 43, no. 1. pp. (15-17). Chemical Society of Mexico. Mexico City, Mexico.<a href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/475/47543203.pdf" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com">Artículo: Acceso Online</a></div>

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<div class="text-justify"><strong>[4] Freitas de Oliveira, C., Giordani, D., Lutckemier, R., Gurak, P.D., Cladera-Olivera, F., Ferreira Marczak, L.D. (2016). </strong> Extraction of pectin from passion fruit peel assisted by ultrasound, LWT-Food Science and Technology.<a href="https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272383/1-s2.0-S0023643816X00047/1-s2.0-S0023643816301633/main.pdf?X-Amz-Date=20210502T002943Z&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Signature=6212286c94753143c1b5855c87074986cfca2e08b8ea84737acd631a88ef44a6&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYSBU75GWO%2F20210502%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&type=client&tid=prr-74f1f959-92a6-4d0f-a299-9fcd61d8dd37&sid=cd64e2101bc5f94462891a7982224dbf1542gxrqa&pii=S0023643816301633&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDgaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCW0MIJKPaXEUzNftL%2FhaRA6p8HyhHU0Vhp5j%2FasTKGXwIgYyzZYpi8FT%2FZFBK750f2Y9hDf4LfroFQMJewULxde%2BcqvQMIsP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDP9Y8Hh2o48%2BZnFuiCqRA1yXIrlp%2FmnSQuc6oa3%2B%2FY%2Bs4zgdyuF0BjoYOGyf0TPnsOLkaB5V4Gj9f606A4YAKHHJIHr4aq868dDg0tpZALd1Lij77BNQOlWX2yjlM6Hlx2HEnIkmb98w8GK6CfDmCA12YyDQ0jkLtvB4DkPC1KtQDCK3bQ9fn2bBdAEi%2FYsjtTqSqQzRREHJ6783vYJFsxTZZLFKTK75LaH2H5%2BgMa3XObjsfgvZ6UvUHUYBpyeQtTufx%2FXP6G7zswM7kIULHGweGQURyax3qgvi1G3B3wmQ2jCuZQUGbWkO8CkcXn8IAYHXSAb44758zybJ2HqIgrPTeiT7nS8wCMD1AdkutMCBt6ffojWkH0OMAWmmf1Phgja5OKvl3sca2ChPqJtT8xXdft5M8AmmJ%2FWLCmP14LBHtsuu1t4BweQb4pSYMSr3lvF5ZhTYRrWVSN%2FzQesiFPSv7gj6xS5EEJzRzwfGQQ5D34MekAd01PRvLZdb90ixBzC3wpzMFeZfwEmkEoo3HHbfWVsV6xt0jqjQN%2FErMzBHMPS9t4QGOusBw5V1NaPqFnqvhyMCNdXxOtRSVySIQhTBfhUS28H245OR9wGM6H4rta2f5u9LhTh2NqlYKeY%2F6MTJ1qCNZaaEfCJ%2BWFHBMWK3WmkMgeWa%2FQ4tT9cL2D%2FtdKkWOpqjSrbxq1dM5K%2BdnDXgEF2BV%2FbTRpxI%2B8J9XI0vvB6SwhcEkgD6w%2BTMO1e5VMt4aII2nh5DzQ8Ik1X33rJTR9%2B8736%2BkCICK0bjYXD%2FJbW4ir5U3zSCXPoccFe3V1riOsEa%2FFs50dZQhn3R%2BzrUCdsxGJNO8svqkjlZFWbrJdjp4OFy3sv%2FIUQzQEbgKbZJSA%3D%3D&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&X-Amz-Expires=300&hash=9dfeb563bca6384df8fb23916588f3f229e896e27c5776db07b6869c1341b7b9" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com">Artículo: Acceso Online</a></div>
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[5]  McMURRY E., John y Fay C., Robert. (2008).</strong>  Química general. Quinta edición PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, México, 2009 ISBN: 978-970-26 1286-5.
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[6]  Ralph, H. Petrucci, William S. Harwood, E. Geoffrey Herring. (2003)</strong>. QUIMICA GENERAL. Octava edición. PEARSON EDUCACIÓN. S.A., Madrid.
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<div class="text-justify"><strong>[7] Sánchez-Lara Eduardo. (2014).</strong> La Hemoglobina: un ejemplo de química bioinorgánica. Maestría en Química. Centro de Química. ICUAP. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.<a href=" https://icuap.buap.mx/sites/default/files/revista/2014/01/hemoglobina.pdf" rel="noopener" title="This link will take you away from steemit.com">Artículo: Acceso Online</a></div>
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<div class="text-justify"> <strong>[8]  WADE,LEROY. (2011). </strong>. QUÍMICA ORGÁNICA. VOLUMEN 2. SÉPTIMA EDICIÓN. PEARSON EDUCACIÓN, MÉXICO, 2011 ISBN: 978-607-32.()793•5. ÁREA: CIENCIAS
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<center><h2><strong> OF INTEREST </strong></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify"> For more information related to the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, do not hesitate to visit #stemsocial and #stem-espanol, they are communities that promote scientific advances in these areas
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