<center>http://metametheus.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/hans-peter-gauster-252751-unsplash.jpg</center> <br/><h2>Is there a meaning to communication?</h2>
<h4>Talk to most people about the state of disorder in the world, and there is one thing that most people will agree on: that miscommunication is a major factor. The inability to understand what someone else means appears to be a common trait throughout human civilisation. It begs the question of whether or not human language is inherently chaotic. Does this mean the perennial search for a single, unifying theory is what drives human culture and innovation, or is it a mechanism to ensure diversity and open-feedback?</h4>
<hr /><center> <img class="size-medium" src="https://coursefinders.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2017/02/babelg.jpg" width="800" height="595" /></a> <a href="https://coursefinders.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2017/02/babelg.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">image source</a></center>
<h3>"The babbling that I brook"</h3>
<p>Most of us who were born and grew up in a Western, Judaeo-Christian cultural context will be familiar with the mythology of the Tower of Babel. Found in the book of Genesis, it tells the story of how the people of one city decided to build a tower in order to reach Heaven. God, not being happy with such hubris from his creation, struck down humanity with a curse which rendered them unable to talk and understand each other, and so the building project was abandoned.</p>
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<p><sup>1</sup>And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. <sup>2</sup>And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. <sup>3</sup>And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them throughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. <sup>4</sup>And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. <sup>5</sup>And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. <sup>6</sup>And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. <sup>7</sup>Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. <sup>8</sup>So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. <sup>9</sup>Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.<br /><em>— Genesis 11:1–9</em></p>

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<p>As with many of the Genesis myths, there are equivalent stories found in much earlier Sumerian tablets, this one having some correlation to <a href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1823.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">one of the Enmerkar myths</a>. This also is the etymology of the english word "babble", emerging from the original Hebrew word used <em>balal</em> meaning 'to confuse'. The city or the tower only received this name after the confusion of languages.</p>
<p>This serves also as an origin myth about why different cultures and races of humanity had different languages, as before this time there was but one human culture descended from Adam &amp; Eve. It implies that God was not pleased with idea that humanity would reach Heaven, and so created the ground for miscommunication in order to prevent that from happening. Presumably, were humans ever to have a 'single language', this would enable us to cooperate to the extent we could achieve divinity.</p>
<p>Evolutionary Biologists look at the development of speech as being a major turning point in the evolution of <em>Homo sapiens</em>, alongside use and development of tools. With speech comes greater cooperation and organisation, as well as the ability to transmit culture through story-telling, song, and later other forms such as art on cave walls and pottery, and jewellery-making.</p>
<h3>The language crisis in ancient China</h3>
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<p>Words don't come easy to me<br /><em>— F.R. David</em></p>

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<p>During the later part of the Warring States period in China (~475–221 BCE) there is evidence of a movement amongst scholars and philosophers to address and solve the problem of language. One group of scholars referred to as the 'School of Names' (also called 'Dialecticians') became very concerned with being able to present specific definitions of words and phrases. They were part of the philosophical school of Mohism, and sought to elucidate on the precise meaning of words and phrases in their text, the <strong>Book of Mozǐ</strong>. This video provides a brief explanation.</p>
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<p>An example of this kind of linguistic discourse is can be found in a book called 公孫龍子, the <strong>Gōng Sūn Lóng Zǐ:</strong></p>
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<p>[A]: Can it be that a white horse is not a horse?<br />[B]: It can.<br />[A]: How so?<br />[B]: "Horse" is how the shape is named; "white" is how the color is named. That which names color does not name shape. Thus I say: "a white horse is not a horse".<br />[A]: Having a white horse cannot be said to be having no horses. Is not that which cannot be said to be having no horses a horse? Having a white horse is having a horse; how can a white one not be a horse?<br />[B]: Requesting a horse, a brown or a black horse may arrive; requesting a white horse, a brown or a black horse will not arrive. By making a white horse the same as a horse, what is requested [in these two cases] is the same. If what is requested is the same, then a white horse is no different to a horse; if what is requested is no different, then how is it that in one case brown and black horses are acceptable, and in the other they are not? Acceptable and unacceptable are clearly in opposition to each other. Thus brown and black horses are also one in that one can reply that there is a horse, yet one cannot reply that there is a white horse. It is clear indeed that a white horse is not a horse.<br /><em>— The <a href="https://ctext.org/gongsunlongzi/bai-ma-lun" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">White Horse Doctrine</a>, from the <strong>Gōng Sūn Lóng Zǐ</strong>, (translation by Donald Sturgeon)</em></p>

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<p>The philosopher Huizi, who's only surviving text is the <strong>Ten Paradoxes</strong> is also thought to have been part of this group, as is the photo-Taoist philosopher Zhuangzi. In many of the sections contained in the <strong>Book of Zhuāngzǐ</strong>, these two thinkers debate on the meaning of words in context to understanding epistemological and existential truths, as evidenced by the example of the <a href="http://metametheus.net/the-happy-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Happy Fish</a> story.</p>
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<p>Similar to modern linguists, there was an inextricable link between language and how one viewed and therefore interacted with the world, and this presupposition was common amongst all the ancient Chinese philosophers, as Bao Zhiming writes in this article on <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399228?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Language and World View in Ancient China.</a> So much so that when Qin Shi Huang Di conquered all the various states and formed the first Chinese Empire, he instigated a program of unification of language and writing in order to homogenise the dialects across the various states.</p>
<p> </p> <img class="size-medium" src="https://journeyonline.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Postmodernism-banner.jpg" width="2732" height="1537" /> <a href="https://journeyonline.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Postmodernism-banner.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">image source</a>
<h3>The end of history</h3>
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<p>We live in a world of information<br />Yet no one knows what's going on<br /><em>— Directions In Groove</em></p>

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<p>Contrary to the current interpretation by cultural conservatives and their uneducated fanboiz, postmodernism is not a singular theory (for how could it be?), and was always intended merely as a descriptor of an historical period and what was emerging amongst scholars, artists, writers, and many others in the wake of the modernist pre-occupation with authority, singularity, and hegemonic monadism.</p>
<p>In many ways, the artistic and literary movement of postmodernism was a much-needed antidote that emerged after the horrors of World War II and the industrial era. It sought to eradicate 'grand narratives' and disrupt the notion of a central/higher authority. Why?</p>
<p>To tell people the meaning of one's text is to impose order on others' thinking, thus not allowing the subjective imagination and engagement with a creative piece. What these creatives were hoping to achieve was that an audience would engage actively and personally with a work of art such as a text, painting, or sculpture. This was a key to Roland Barthes' idea that there are <em>readerly texts</em> (texts we passively consume, where the meaning is objective and explicit), and <em>writerly texts</em> which are actively engaged with, where meaning is subjective and implicit, and the 'reader' is re-writing the text in their own mind as they read it. This latter form is evidenced when different people provide different understandings of what a text (or work of art) is "about".</p>
<p>Thus, an artist living in post-modernity creates purely from their own creative source, offers it to the world unconditionally and says, "here you are, make of it what you will." It becomes the responsibility of the individual to work out what it means <em>to them; </em>to choose to not do so is laziness. In other words, if I want the author or the film-maker to "tell me what its about" or "tell me what it means" it is because I (the reader) don't want to admit that it means nothing to me, or that I don't understand.</p>
<p>There is of course nothing wrong with admitting that, "I don't get it", or "I don't understand". This is where scholars and creatives could use some humility and not presume to think less of someone who simply cannot resonate with their work, for in a pure post-modern state, it is inevitable that there will be a diversity of opinion.</p>
<p>Whilst post-modernity as an historical moment and movement has evolved and moved on (and here I agree with the work of <a href="https://medium.com/@brentcooper" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Brent Cooper</a> and the idea that we are emerging into a period of meta-modernity), what it offered human civilisation and culture was the opportunity for a kind of <em>decentralisation</em>. In many ways, it is the Tower of Babel and the Language Crisis all over again.</p>
<h3>History never repeats</h3>
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<p>Deep in the night it's all so clear<br />I lie awake with great ideas<br />Lurking about in no-man's land<br />I think at last I understand<br /><em>— Split Enz</em></p>

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<p>We seem to have had a fascination throughout history about unifying humanity, whether it be through monotheistic religions, autocratic regimes, economics, or science. What we are experiencing is a cultural shift through the decentralisation of all monadic structures, much of which is modelled off what happens in nature anyway. Structures in natural systems are for the most part decentralised, and chaotic. Biomimicry holds much sway in the world of technology, design, and UX; although this is nothing new, as much of Taoist thought was in modelling cultural and political systems along the lines of the <em>Dào</em>, or the 'Way' of the natural universe.</p>
<p>Language is no different, and I believe that allowing for an interplay between objective/subjective in our perception when approaching what we hear or read allows for a more authentic personal human experience of the world. In this I would like to bring two specific examples of how language devoid of any deliberate intention can be used to bring great meaning.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://twitter.com/WisdomOfChopra">@WisdomOfChopra</a> twitter feed gathers the words that New Age philosopher Deepak Chopra tweets on his own account, and then randomly puts them together to create phrases which sound no different, but often hilariously poignant in demonstrating how language is put together to construct meaning. If you don't have Twitter, you can <a href="http://www.wisdomofchopra.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">randomly generate your own 'wisdom of Chopra' here</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://inspirobot.me" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Inspirobot</a> is a wonderful bot that creates 'inspirational' memes from random words and phrases pasted onto random stock photographs.</p>
<p>In both of these examples, words are nothing more than a meaningless, random generation of sounds created by an algorithm. In both of these examples, there is no intention behind the words whatsoever, literally random words grouped together by a robot. This is kind of like the control group in an experiment, as if we were to take the words constructed by a writer we could say that there is an intention behind their construction. These however are constructed without an intention behind them; and yet the reader can interpret them to hold some personal meaning.</p>
<p>Here are two examples that I generated as I wrote this story.</p>
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<p>The key to joy is the foundation of the progressive expansion of brains.<br /><a href="http://www.wisdomofchopra.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>— Wisdom of Chopra</em></a></p>

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<p>Whilst I know both are essentially gibberish, if I drop into a state of non-thought and contemplate these, I am able to discover a way that this 'advice' applies somehow in some context in my life. This is also essentially how the practice of divination works — the active engagement with a highly-generalised sign (e.g., a Tarot card, or an astrological symbol) in order to find a way for that sign to relate to a specific area of my life. In this regard, I believe humans have always created <em>writerly</em> texts and that is the basis of all forms of fortune-telling, spirituality, and literature.</p>
<p>Language is indeed chaotic. A word does not hold any objective truth, although there will be a truth assigned to it through convention within a group context. Even then however, how the individual engages with the word will determine ultimately how that meaning is used to inspire thoughts, speech, and deeds.</p>
<p>After the Tower of Babel was abandoned, the people then scattered themselves across the world and settled distant lands and formed different cultures and societies, and built many new and different cities. And yet despite this diversity, we have continued throughout millennia to evolve and learn more and more about the universe. Despite having abandoned the original tower, we are still reaching for Heaven, but through diverse, personal means rather than monolithic, hegemonic structures.</p>
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