| transactions | | 0. | | ref_block_num | 31,003 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 909,742,330 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 03:51:38 |
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| operations | | 0. | | 0. | vote |
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| 1. | | voter | tonie |
|---|
| author | mermaidvampire |
|---|
| permlink | ulog-2-unfreeze |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
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| operations | | 0. | | 0. | vote |
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| 1. | | voter | zeeshan687 |
|---|
| author | hamidaansary |
|---|
| permlink | binance-exchange-and-coinmarketcap-ethereum-eth-price-analysis-and-grow-6-78-persent-dath-04-05-18-part-104 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 1,145,282,849 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:00:57 |
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| 1. | | from | arif019 |
|---|
| to | speedvoter |
|---|
| amount | 0.060 HBD |
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| memo | https://steemit.com/eth/@arif019/2x2kbh-daily-eth-price-update |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
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| operations | | 0. | | 0. | vote |
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| 1. | | voter | matildah |
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| author | shinternational |
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| permlink | 232-100 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
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| 1. | | voter | tiortate57 |
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| author | nollza |
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| permlink | re-nollza-re-nollza30-askasiya-tokyo-ghoul-2017-art-20180503t083823722z |
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| weight | 10,000 |
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| 1. | | voter | gibransalazar7 |
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| author | zaydaclavolca |
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| permlink | la-puntualidad |
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| ref_block_prefix | 909,742,330 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 03:52:09 |
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| 1. | | voter | mukta9988 |
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| author | spykakos |
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| permlink | distribution-of-sbd-april-29 |
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| weight | 10,000 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
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| operations | | 0. | | 0. | vote |
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| 1. | | voter | thetroublenotes |
|---|
| author | digitalmind |
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| permlink | steem-food-tours-10-a-food-review-of-nan-heong-ipoh-damen-at-damen-shopping-mall-usj1-subang-jaya-in-malaysia |
|---|
| weight | 20 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| 1. | | voter | beyondlock |
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| author | choogirl |
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| permlink | team-australia-new-recruits-26-04-18-and-sydney-steps-up-to-the-plate |
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| weight | 10,000 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
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| operations | | 0. | | 0. | comment |
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| 1. | | parent_author | isis-lee |
|---|
| parent_permlink | re-lucky2-re-isis-lee-re-lucky2-ja9a2-20180506t032157318z |
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| author | lucky2 |
|---|
| permlink | re-isis-lee-re-lucky2-re-isis-lee-re-lucky2-ja9a2-20180506t035112976z |
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| title | "" |
|---|
| body | "ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ재밌게 활동하시는게 좋죠.
고래는 아직 멀었어요.ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ" |
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| transaction_id | 2afbf750ea44b59a1f402be9316289ce91e832ac |
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| block_num | 22,182,174 |
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| transaction_num | 10 |
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| 11. | | ref_block_num | 30,988 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
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| operations | | 0. | | 0. | comment |
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| 1. | | parent_author | "" |
|---|
| parent_permlink | airdrop |
|---|
| author | tekchand |
|---|
| permlink | unboxed-airdrop-update-get-a-share-of-1usd-million-tokens-we-are-giving-away |
|---|
| title | "UNBOXED Airdrop update-Get a share of 1$ million tokens we are giving away" |
|---|
| body | "
UNBOXED AIRDROP UPDATE 4-5-2018 Airdrop level 2 is live! Earn up to 800 more points in level 2 and more points for referring friends!
Unboxed is an influencer marketing platform and wants to create a blockchain based network of millions of people who get paid to post and engage on social media.
Unboxed is airdropping 1 million NBOX tokens to airdrop participants. Each user can earn up to 400 points and 25 points for every referral. ICO token price: 1 NBOX = $0.057
How to join?
1, Sign up on airdrop page: https://unbox.social/r/3d5360 with your email or with one of your social media accounts
2. Complete simple tasks, like joining Facebook, Twitter, Telegram and more & earn up to 400 points
3. Refer friends to earn 25 points for every friend you refer
Rewards:
1500 Influence points = 250 NBOX
5000 influence points = 850 NBOX
10,000 influence points = 1750 NBOX
20,000 influence points = 3500 NBOX
30,000+ influence points = 4500 NBOX" |
|---|
| json_metadata | {"tags":["airdrop","ethereum","blockchain","token","erc20"],"image":["https://steemitimages.com/DQmbozmnEPwCsd3LxVqARoy2Svgm2D5sqMG98dKBtBdjg2B/unboxed%20airdrop.png"],"links":["https://unbox.social/r/3d5360"],"app":"steemit/0.1","format":"markdown"} |
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| transaction_id | c7ea25b5680d8dc0d1de91394fbf6b95511b083a |
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| 12. | | ref_block_num | 30,986 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 4,178,049,491 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:03 |
|---|
| operations | | 0. | | 0. | comment |
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| 1. | | parent_author | "" |
|---|
| parent_permlink | esteem |
|---|
| author | almazzhr |
|---|
| permlink | beach-panorama-in-the-morning-dad4b141a74d9 |
|---|
| title | "Beach Panorama In the morning" |
|---|
| body | "
Seperti biasanya selesai Sholat subuh kami keluar rumah menikmati udara pagi yang sedikit dingin tapi segar, kelihatannya hari ini cerah, kami berjalan hingga sampai di Pantai sekitar pukul 06.20.wib.
Di pantai masih terlihat sepi hanya terlihat beberapa orang yang sedang mempersiapkan untuk berangkat ke laut guna mencari tangkapan karena memang profesi mereka sebagai nelayan. Matahari belum muncul di balik laut tersebut, namun suasana hening
Sudah agak terang. Kami hanya berjalan ditepi pantai
Dengan kaki telanjang hitung hitung olahraga pagi.
Sesaat kemudian pandangan kami tertuju ke arah laut luas nun jauh disana, terlihat matahari pagi sudah mulai menampakkan dirinya dengan warna kemera merahan sehingga membuat mata silau.
Sungguh indah pemandangan tersebut sehingga saya mengambil Handphone untuk memotret panorama tersebut. Terlihat pula Seorang Nelayan
Sedang mendayung sampannya ke arah laut lepas dan sejajar dengan sinar matahari langsung. Rasanya rugi membuang kesempatan tersebut.Dan
Inilah hasil cepretan saya pagi ini." |
|---|
| json_metadata | {"links":[],"image":["https://img.esteem.ws/dq8sqb71xi.jpg"],"tags":["esteem","nature","aceh","photography","story"],"app":"esteem/1.5.1","format":"markdown+html","community":"esteem"} |
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|---|
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| 1. | | author | almazzhr |
|---|
| permlink | beach-panorama-in-the-morning-dad4b141a74d9 |
|---|
| max_accepted_payout | 1,000,000.000 HBD |
|---|
| percent_hbd | 10,000 |
|---|
| allow_votes | true |
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| allow_curation_rewards | true |
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| extensions | | 0. | | 0. | 0 |
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| 1. | | beneficiaries | | 0. | | account | esteemapp |
|---|
| weight | 1,000 |
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| extensions | [] |
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| transaction_id | 6bd2c38c99e99142afd09d5aba595da2ac1e48f4 |
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| block_num | 22,182,174 |
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| 13. | | ref_block_num | 30,988 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
|---|
| operations | | 0. | | 0. | vote |
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| 1. | | voter | dgame-over |
|---|
| author | zara96 |
|---|
| permlink | photography-bunga-cantik-part-26-5e20cb9ae0745 |
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| weight | 10,000 |
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|---|
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| extensions | [] |
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| transaction_id | ee01e632013bd7642a1cfceb952e9a29fe265eea |
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| block_num | 22,182,174 |
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| transaction_num | 13 |
|---|
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|---|
| 14. | | ref_block_num | 30,988 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
|---|
| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
|---|
| operations | | 0. | | 0. | claim_reward_balance |
|---|
| 1. | | account | the-ivor |
|---|
| reward_hive | 0.000 HIVE |
|---|
| reward_hbd | 0.056 HBD |
|---|
| reward_vests | 252.490784 VESTS |
|---|
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|---|
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| extensions | [] |
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| transaction_id | af350f08c0a24db249d2953dea334b3642ccfca2 |
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| block_num | 22,182,174 |
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| transaction_num | 14 |
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|---|
| 15. | | ref_block_num | 30,988 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
|---|
| operations | | 0. | | 0. | transfer |
|---|
| 1. | | from | ndng |
|---|
| to | inciter |
|---|
| amount | 0.250 HBD |
|---|
| memo | https://steemit.com/funny/@ndng/best-fails-of-the-week-failarmy-471 |
|---|
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| transaction_id | 6c152f135d964f7ddfd2ff002d58d3bf7a29a646 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 2,977,695,288 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:12 |
|---|
| operations | | 0. | | 0. | custom_json |
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| 1. | | required_auths | [] |
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| json | ["follow",{"follower":"raise-me-up","following":"hoboalia","what":["blog"]}] |
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| transaction_id | 4d89d9e05d768bc235eddc86c2bc65bb368910b5 |
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| transaction_num | 16 |
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|---|
| 17. | | ref_block_num | 30,980 |
|---|
| ref_block_prefix | 2,789,595,914 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:00:51 |
|---|
| operations | | 0. | | 0. | custom_json |
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| 1. | | required_auths | [] |
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| transaction_id | d86f29b27e5886dd3d4cd1c4e2f43ea373eb3e5d |
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| 18. | | ref_block_num | 30,989 |
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| ref_block_prefix | 2,977,695,288 |
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| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:12 |
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| operations | | 0. | | 0. | custom_json |
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| json | ["follow",{"follower":"biblegateway","following":"hirakhan69","what":["blog"]}] |
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| permlink | double-potentiostatic-deposition-and-characterization-of-cdin2se4-semiconductor |
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| title | "Double Potentiostatic Deposition and Characterization of CdIn2Se4 Semiconductor" |
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| body | "><div class="text-justify">Continuing with the contribution of electrochemistry to the synthesis of semiconductor materials, I bring you a summary of the most outstanding aspects of one of the articles published in my doctoral thesis, showing that electrochemically you can obtain materials with adequate structural and morphological characteristics. to be used in energetic applications..</div><br />
**_ABSTRACT_**
<div class="text-justify"> CdIn2Se4 thin films have been synthesized by potentiostatic deposition from cadmium, indium, and selenium species after performing a voltammetric study on single, binary, and ternary mixtures of their precursor salts in aqueous acidic media. The electrochemical reaction steps were defined under different conditions and the obtained materials were identified and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After optimizing several parameters, a highly pure CdIn2Se4 ternary semiconductor was synthesized by a double-pulse potentiostatic technique followed by annealing and recrystallization. Optical studies were carried out to obtain the absorption spectrum of the semiconductor and its direct band-gap energy (Eg) was found to be 1.73 eV. EIS measurements were performed to evaluate the flat band potential (Efb) of the material and a value of -0.468 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) was obtained. The presence of major negative carriers and the n-type nature of the semiconductor were also confirmed. Crystallographic lattice parameters confirming the α-phase of the semiconductor and the cluster size distribution of the deposit are also reported. The results support the incorporation of the synthesized semiconductor into solar photovoltaic cells.
<br /> **_INTRODUCTION_**
The semiconductor CdIn2Se4 is considered to be of technological importance because of its applications in optoelectronics and solar cells. Several physical and chemical synthetic methods have shown to be suitable for its preparation and good results are reported in the literature by using different techniques including spray-deposited thin films, chemical solution, melting and annealing techniques, thermal evaporation, vacuum evaporation, sol-gel method, epitaxial molecular beam, and others. Electrochemical techniques are now being exploited because of their potentiality and economy when used for these syntheses. In particular, CdIn2Se4 was prepared by the simple and inexpensive electrode position technique , either by sequential electrode position of individual elemental layers or by direct alloy electrode position, which provides all constituents from the same electrolytic medium in a single step. Annealing and recrystallization have also been carried out to induce reactions between the constituents. The authors of that work concluded that a sequential electrode position study allowed the optimization of both deposition potentials and solution compositions for each of the deposited elements in order to obtain better morphologies; some secondary phases were also detected. More recently, electrochemically deposited photoactive CdIn2Se4 was successfully prepared, and some other studies on electrochemically synthesized CdIn2Se4 have also been published. The aim of this work is to propose an inexpensive and simple procedure for preparing highly pure materials (particularly those of great interest for inclusion in solar cells) by electrochemical synthetic methods, as well as to characterize and study the properties of electrodeposited CdIn2Se4 films. </div>
<br /> **_EXPERIMENTAL_**
The deposition of the films was performed by applying a double pulse potential (with an amplitude of -0.95 V, applied during 25 min, and a reverse potential of -0.50 V, applied for 6 min) at 80 °C. An additional heating treatment at 450 °C (under selenium atmosphere for 3h) was then required to obtain the ternary compound. All the electrochemical experiments were performed using a PAR 273A potentiostat / galvanostat coupled to a microcomputer. A Hitachi S-2500 scanning electron microscope coupled to an X-ray dispersive energy detector allowed us to characterize the morphology, crosssection, and elemental composition of the thin films. The crystal structure was determined using a Siemens D5005 model X-ray diffract meter. The band gap of the CdIn2Se4 thin film deposited on an ITO substrate was calculated by absorbance measurements performed on an automated Cary 17 spectrophotometer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments were performed using an AUT 302N potentiostat / galvanostat coupled to a FRA 32 M 110 impedance module.
<br />**_RESULTS_**
**_Electrodeposition_**
A systematic study of the electrodeposited binary phases as a function of the solution temperature was carried out using 5.0 mM SeO2, 5.0 mM CdCl2.H2O, and 1.0 mM In (III) in 0.5 M Na2SO4 at pH 2.5. Pourbaix diagrams were additionally considered to find the appropriate experimental conditions for preparing the binary semiconductor phases. A double-potential pulse method (-0.95 V for 25 min and -0.50 V for 6 min) on titanium and ITO supports was applied at 80°C, chosen after evaluating the system. Figure 1 shows diffract grams of the deposits on ITO (better definition) at different temperatures. All the binary phases were successfully identified.
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmXCwXMfbgSj7M6urRVkacfszC8qeVCrKYAc9tCvfmFHiY/image.png"/></center><center><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Source</a></center>
<center>Fig 1: X-ray diffractograms of the produced species as a function of the electrodeposition temperature</center>
The ternary CdIn2Se4 material was obtained after annealing of the two binary phases, CdSe and In2Se3, under vacuum at 450ºC. Figure 2 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the CdIn2Se4 material including a three-dimensional view of the surface coverage and the height distribution of the clusters (obtained using a trial version of the SPIP image processing software).The energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis results for the ternary compound are shown in figure 3.
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmdVz3ow4p1Tn17LpT73GWxgkJbSZ9uCbbjnwEBZxLU8wa/image.png"/></center><center><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Source</a></center>
<center>Fig 2: Scanning electronic microscopy of CdIn2Se4. (a) SEM image, (b) three-dimensional view.</center>
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmXhaR5e2ZfYwN1JfUJ8Ypb1CQQTXftCb952DjKrZJsch1/image.png"/></center><center><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Source</a></center>
<center>Fig 3: Energy dispersion X-ray and elemental analysis of CdIn2Se4.</center>
**_Crystal Structure_**
The crystal structure of CdIn2Se4 can be found in three tetragonal poly types, which are referred to as: α, β ,and γ . The α phase is a pseudo-cubic-ordered vacancy structure with space group P (-4) 2m - D12d, as shown in figure 4a. This cell contains one chemical formula; four anions, three captions and therefore, there is one vacant cation site per unit cell with respect to the perfect zinc blende structure. This phase is referred to as 'pseudo cubic' because a = b = c, although the space group is tetragonal. The tetragonal phase β is shown in figure 4b, known as defect chalcopyrite I (-4) 2m. Both phases (β and γ) differ in the c/a = ratio: β: c = 2a, γ: c = 4a.
The lattice parameters of the electrochemically deposited material reported in this work were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) within the (10–70)º 2θ range shown in figure 5.
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmR6psEQ5U2QSVK6Wg765GeuGtveGP8GJvhNHj3fsVJMGF/image.png"/></center><center><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Source</a></center>
<center>Fig 4: Crystal structures of CdIn2Se4: a) α phase, b)β phase.</center>
Further thermal treatment under a selenium atmosphere (at 450°C for 3 h) was found to induce the formation of CdIn2Se4. Figure 5 shows a comparison between the experimental diffraction pattern and the data available at the PDF2 ICDD– 03-065-28-28 data library for CdIn2Se4; they both agree with a crystalline tetragonal structure with preferential (111) orientation.
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmNVbZ2sn4LN1deSUxCKuXFHKaKM2mXSXmxGaorfNGv89m/image.png"/></center><center><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Source</a></center>
<center>Fig 5: Diffractogram for CdIn2Se4 (a) and corresponding diffraction pattern (b).</center>
**_Optical Absorption Spectroscopy_**
Optical absorption measurements on CdIn2Se4 films were performed at room temperature (25 °C) between 400 and 1100 nm. The results are shown in Figure 6a. Absorption mainly occurs at low wavelength ( λs) values and an absorption border is present. The nature of the transition may be determined from the dependence of the absorption coefficient (α) on hν, which for an allowed direct transition.
The plot of (αhν)2 versus hν in Figure 6b shows the optical transition, the band gap energy value being estimated from the intercept on the x axis (Eg = 1.73 eV); this value is in agreement with previous results reported in the literature.
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmVQiddf5aMur3uB7mFu8sCpNMxkQ4WwAE7nHv6d17qzgJ/image.png"/></center><center><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Source</a></center>
<center>Fig 6: Optical absorption spectrum of CdIn2Se4.(b) (αhν)2 vs. hν plot for obtaining the band gap.</center>
**_Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy_**
The semiconductor–liquid junction (S–L) of a semiconducting electrode involves the formation of two types of double layers, one at the S–L junction and another one within the space charge region of the semiconductor, giving two types of capacitance. The capacitance due to the S–L double layer is small enough to be neglected so that the measured capacitance can be conveniently considered to be due to the space charge layer. Thus, measurements of the capacitance as a function of the applied bias under depletion conditions provide useful information about the flat band potential, donor density, magnitude of band bending, and width of the depletion layer. The flat band potential, Efb, of a semiconductor gives information about the relative position of the Fermi level in a photo electrode. The measurement of apparent capacitance as a function of potential under depletion conditions is based on the Mott–Schottky relation, as shown in equation 1:
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmZDFETEWFfVAozCaB3RU8YR4bzqXoSC4sYWBUsG1oN2kz/image.png"/></center>
<center>Equation 1.</center>
Where **_Csc_** is the space charge capacitance per unit area, **_εe_** is the electronic charge, is the dielectric constant of the semiconductor, **_ε0_** is the permittivity of free space, **_ND_** is the donor density, is the applied voltage, is the Boltzmann constant, and **_T_** is the absolute temperature. Since the term **_(2/ ε0 εe ND)_** in equation (1) is a constant, by neglecting , equation 1 can be rewritten as:
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmfD7XWooLk7ZMBZcNFHA3zD3zbvHVREHShovoVqG3mD8n/image.png"/></center>
<center>Equation 2.</center>
Impedance measurements were carried out on six different CdIn2Se4 samples at a frequency of 10 kHz. A Mott–Schottky graph for CdIn2Se4 in 1M Na2SO4 (figure 10) allowed us to measure the flat band potential (Efb = -0.468 V). The positive slope of the linear region suggests the presence of major negative carriers and an n-type behavior of the semiconductor (the slope has a value of 19.324). The donor concentration, **_ND_**, was calculated from equation 3 and we obtained a value of 7.52E21 cm-3. We assumed that **_εs_** was 9.7 for CdIn2Se4 because there is no value available for this semiconductor yet.
The observed linearity deviation in the Mott–Schottky plot suggests that the junctions are of ‘graded type’ and can be attributed to the presence of both shallow and deep donor levels. This behavior is usually observed in polycrystalline films.
<center><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmXit3gnnFQcJJ6qzssaBX1EzLmN1VvFzePKKJXFqvNNqX/image.png"/></center><center><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Source</a></center>
<center>Fig 7: Mott–Scotty plot for CdIn2Se4 in 1 M Na2SO4 to estimate the flat band potential.</center>
>To know more about the potential of flat band see the following article "Flat-Band Potential of a Semiconductor: Using the Mott-Schottky Equation"
>To complement the information related to the synthesis of this semiconductor I invite you to read the following article "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.677.3371&rep=rep1&type=pdf"" |
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| signatures | | 0. | 1f5f6ff2d89d7844308728a7ec7eade9fb56c994dad4354ed1e9b3d111a18c1ca307a23bbd0ac1456a55d6182836de293b406da1a0034859cdad59ce437d8c9d8e |
|---|
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|---|
| transaction_id | 92ca82fdab907903969d478b8f9f0db405dc6d4d |
|---|
| block_num | 22,182,174 |
|---|
| transaction_num | 29 |
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| 30. | | ref_block_num | 30,988 |
|---|
| ref_block_prefix | 3,519,919,774 |
|---|
| expiration | 2018-05-06 04:01:09 |
|---|
| operations | | 0. | | 0. | vote |
|---|
| 1. | | voter | arunava |
|---|
| author | mindblast |
|---|
| permlink | sirao-adventure-part-2 |
|---|
| weight | 300 |
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|---|
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|
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| extensions | [] |
|---|
| signatures | | 0. | 20371c9436f558a27bdd50d82935ff9234d488d3c84757a72f72ad86df05460f160f9907d9ec075e2ec39673cc864784a6febda9b05c62af531f339794ac6c6347 |
|---|
|
|---|
| transaction_id | b96fb4f849334bd33f306d4ba324d9b48dad078b |
|---|
| block_num | 22,182,174 |
|---|
| transaction_num | 30 |
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|---|
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hiveblocks