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author | lucienyoung |
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title | 各种各样的封装 |
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body | "前些日子,看见了一个叫做SOT的封装,对它进行了一下研究,发现封装这种东西还真挺有意思。相似的一类算作一个体系,体系中各自的封装又有自己的特点。最近又发现了各种各样的其它的封装,我想,我该对这些封装做一个整体的概括,这样才是完美的并且是有用的,于是我用思维导图把工作中常用的封装做了个分类并配上实物和具有代表性的手绘图片,如下图所示。
![IMG_20200722_152123.jpg](https://images.ecency.com/DQmUCpFkhL4NuZ646ajZuHhiVTg6zVTfbVLVzV2R8sh1cwN/IMG_20200722_152123.jpg)
那我就根据这幅图开讲啦!
首先我们说的是右边第一个脚所示的封装,它被称作TO,指的是Transistor Outline,中文叫做“晶体管外形封装”。它大多情况下指的是直插的封装,对应最早一批生产出来的晶体管,如图中右边的TO-247和TO-218,它们的外形看上去稍有差异,但是整体上还是十分相似的,衡量他们的不同一般根据引脚间距以及本体尺寸的长,宽和高,如下面我手绘的两幅图。后来根据这种外形制造出来了一些贴片的晶体管封装,所以TO类的封装中也有贴片形式的。
![IMG_20200721_114106.jpg](https://images.ecency.com/DQmWoXHgFT2182bt76RJkoBmzCPR22gEwbsfgCraBGGkisQ/IMG_20200721_114106.jpg)
![IMG_20200721_113423.jpg](https://images.ecency.com/DQmV9mYA9hJtqFkKrpn9FS5EB8eFLvMFGcRobdumY2auwMe/IMG_20200721_113423.jpg)
整体来说,这类封装比较大,头上有一块散热片似的粗大的引脚,下面有3根或者更多细长的引脚(如图中TO-252,TO-262和TO-247),也有可能是金属状的圆帽(如图中的TO-3,TO-5)以及半圆形的塑料圆柱(类似个帽子,如图中的TO-92)。它们命名中的数字只是一个代号,没有实际意义,通常以引脚间距e,体长E,体宽D,体高A或者引脚所在的直径G,本体外径A,内径B和体高C进行衡量它们的区别。
其次要说的是,DIP,这个封装是非常常见的,称为Dual Inline Package,中文称作双列直插封装,它分为两类CDIP和PDIP,C指的是Ceramic(陶瓷),P指的是Plastic(塑料),其中,PDIP是最常见的。DIP中引脚间距以100mil(2.54mm)最为常见,而两排引脚的中心距以300mil和600mil最为常见。
接下来要说的是SOP封装(EIAJ标准)或者叫SOIC封装(JEDEC标准),称为Small Outline Package或者为Small Outline Integrated Circuit。它的典型封装数据是引脚间距为50mil(1.27mm),体宽(两排引脚间,黑色外壳的宽度)典型为5.3mm(EIAJ标准),3.9mm和7.5mm(JEDEC标准,不好意思,图中写错了)。但这种封装变体较多,类似的贴片元器件都可以称为SOP(或者SOIC,或者SO的封装),比如MSOP,M指的是Miniature,迷你型SOP,引脚间距更小,塑料外壳尺寸也更小,如图中给出的标准尺寸;比如TSOP,T指的是Thin,指的是薄形SOP,它的塑料外壳尺寸一般小于1.27mm;SSOP,S指的是Shrink,引脚间距更密,一般小于1.27mm;TSSOP,外壳又薄,引脚间距又密的SOP;HTSSOP,H指的是Heat Sink,指的是带散热片的TSSOP;QSOP,Q指的是Quarter-size,指的是1/4常规SOP大小的SOP;VSOP,V指Very Small的SOP,是比QSOP更小的SOP;最后是SOJ,其实,SOP又叫SOL,指它的引脚向外延伸成“L”状,而SOJ则是引脚向内缩成“J”状。其实,还有一种叫做SON,图中列在了QFN类,其实也可放在此处,N指的是No-lead,没有引脚的SO,它的引脚很短,几乎全部隐藏在了外壳的下边。
下面说一下SOT,Small Outline Transistor,它和TO都和三极管有联系,不过一种是信号三极管,一种是大功率三极管。所以它和TO有些像,比如图中的SOT-223,但SOT的普遍特点是不是很大。关于SOT在“[花样繁多的'SOT'](https://stem.openhive.network/#!/@lucienyoung/sot) ”一文中有更详细的说明,感兴趣的请移步去查看。
接下来要说明的是SOD,SOD指的是Small Outline Diode,小外形二极管的封装。这类封装主要针对二极管的,包括直插的轴向二极管(Axial)以及贴片二极管,但SOD主要还是针对贴片的。通过对比发现SOD27/57/64等为轴向引线封装,除此之外,二极管引脚还有L形的,如SOD323,扁平的,如SOD128等,J形的,如SOD132以及SMA/B/C等。如果说,SOT与之对应的是TO,那么SOD与之对应的就是DO,Diode Outline。DO类型的封装也有直插的,也有贴片的,比如直插的有DO-7/15等等,贴片的有DO213AA/AB(又叫做MELF,Metal Electrode Leadless Face,金属电极无引线封装,如1N1418的封装),DO214AA/AB/AC(SMAJ/SMBJ/SMCJ)的封装,如图中的实物,以及DO215AA/AB/AC(SMAG/SMBG/SMCG,L形引脚)的封装。
接下来就是LCC封装,指的是Leadless Chip Carriers,无引脚芯片封装。通常分为两类QFJ和QFN,QF指的是Quad Flat(四方扁平),J指带有J形引脚,N则指无引脚。QFJ则包含我们常说的PLCC,QFN则是我们所说的LCC,通常包含常规的QFN,薄的TQFN,非常薄的VQFN,非常非常薄的WQFN等。
在接下来就是QFP封装,Quad Flat Package,四方扁平封装。根据材料分为PQFP和CQFP,根据引脚密度分为FQFP(Fine pitch,引脚间距小于0.65mm),根据封装厚度分为QFP(厚度为2.0~3.6mm),LQFP(L指的是Low,厚度为1.4mm),TQFP(T指的是Thin,厚度为1.0mm),而根据是否有散热片,又有HQFP(H指的是Heat Sink)。目前,又有带有缓冲垫的BQFP(Bumper)以及引脚保护的GQFP(Guard-ring)。
最后要说的一个大类是BGA封装,称为Ball Grid Array封装。BGA的封装指的是引脚在封装外壳的底部均匀排列,呈球状(图中我画的不像)。它根据材料分为PBGA和CBGA,根据结构分为TBGA(Tape BGA,载带BGA)和FCBGA(Flip-Chip,倒装BGA)。
除此之外,还有专门的轴向引线封装Axial,径向引线封装Radial以及[Power Package SMD](https://www.topline.tv/SMD.html) 和引脚阵列封装CPGA(类似于BGA,但有细长的引脚)。对于不是很常用的其它的封装这里就不再也无法一一列出了。但大致原则就是引脚间距,封装体尺寸。
参考资料:
- [封装参考资料](https://etime.net.cn/site/articalList.php?TagID=30)
- [ST官网](http://www.st.com.cn/)
- [On官网](https://www.onsemi.cn/)
- [常用集成电路封装](http://web.sensor-ic.com:8000/wy/mb.tem/dlfz/dlfz.htm)
- [2N6249数据手册](https://cdn.macom.com/datasheets/2N6249_2N6250_2N6251.pdf)
- [TI官网](ti.com)
- [Topline](https://www.topline.tv/)
说明:一些官网的搜索栏里可以直接搜索封装数据,比如在ST官网搜索TO-252便会有相关数据文件,这里不再赘述。" |
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