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id | sm_submit_team |
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json | {"contractName":"market","contractAction":"sell","contractPayload":{"symbol":"LEO","quantity":"1278.024","price":"3.15971399"}} |
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permlink | a-little-cooking-today-i-wrote-you-points-for-2021-one-of-which-try-out-all-mom-s-recipes-and-find-your-own |
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1. | required_auths | |
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json | {"contractName":"market","contractAction":"buy","contractPayload":{"symbol":"LEO","quantity":"56.208","price":"2.86501401"}} |
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json | {"trx_id":"76b5751d5ec500fefa414e42cb83c25409251ab0","team_hash":"653f7bfd8d3dd7c057e36290f180466d","summoner":"C3-240-UJKFI9CFU8","monsters":["C3-208-2ERUGEUN7K","C3-251-CSTGLRU10W","C3-91-2XRJ6LHN00","G0-12-Y741ACN7S0","C3-223-0RFFPLHY2O"],"secret":"34b63e7863","app":"steemmonsters/0.7.60"} |
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1. | voter | africka |
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permlink | 99-nft-s-to-giveaway |
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json | {"match_type":"Ranked","app":"splinterlands/0.7.89"} |
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1. | required_auths | [] |
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json | {"trx_id":"a61fd34e2f79802b23825644f238f025361cf6cd","summoner":"C-RLPDPQY1QO","monsters":["C3-103-THSAT1WDV4","C4-169-WKABOXGCZK","C3-131-CMSGGWNDHC","C3-207-H5Q3IELZ28","C3-98-ZRKPN5MK34"],"secret":"nbEDgXToHA","app":"splinterlands/0.7.89"} |
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1. | required_auths | |
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id | ssc-mainnet-hive |
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json | {"contractName":"tokens","contractAction":"issue","contractPayload":{"symbol":"SPT","to":"icon123456","quantity":"4.937125"}} |
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1. | required_auths | |
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required_posting_auths | [] |
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json | "[{"contractName":"tokens","contractAction":"issue","contractPayload":{"symbol":"NEOXAG","to":"neoxiantoken","quantity":"0.85639159"}},{"contractName":"tokens","contractAction":"stake","contractPayload":{"symbol":"NEOXAG","to":"postpromoter","quantity":"0.42819579"}},{"contractName":"tokens","contractAction":"transfer","contractPayload":{"symbol":"NEOXAG","to":"postpromoter","quantity":"0.42819579","memo":"Here are your claimed tokens! (0.428196 more NEOXAG were added to NEOXAG POWER)"}}]" |
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operations | 0. | 0. | custom_json |
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1. | required_auths | [] |
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required_posting_auths | |
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id | sm_team_reveal |
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json | {"trx_id":"44331a9802b7f6019d14cb5394a1594c35bca5ce","summoner":"C1-16-FMQSVSIPA8","monsters":["C3-103-2OXWL8OA74","C3-131-53SSPL6EXC","C3-207-AQTJC5BQ5C","C3-98-BL56GOWWLC"],"secret":"zR5R2dd9FS","app":"splinterlands/0.7.89"} |
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1. | voter | vladcraciun |
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author | cryptoindex |
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permlink | dem-new-mexico-gov--grisham-concerned-with-bidens-energy-agenda-doesnt-make-any-sense---fox-news2021-03-13-1615623920-20210313t082521z |
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1. | voter | jagged |
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author | seckorama |
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permlink | new-tunes-12-3-2021 |
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21. | ref_block_num | 58,797 |
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body | "Gilgal
<center>**_Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah – Part 59_**</center>
<center><b>[**Part 1**](https://peakd.com/history/@harlotscurse/making-history)</b></center>
<center>https://i.imgur.com/5nb3fJN.jpg</center><center>**Joshua at Gilgal (_Joshua Roll_, Detail)**</center>
In the fourth and fifth chapters of the _Book of Joshua_, we are told how the Israelites crossed the River Jordan and made their way to a place called Gilgal, which lay to the east of Jericho. This was to be Joshua’s base of military operations during the Conquest of Canaan. Twelve stones taken from the Jordan and representing the Twelve Tribes of Israel were set up at Gilgal as a memorial of the miraculous passage of the river. It was also here that Joshua commanded the Israelites to be circumcised, and that manna fell for the last time.
This account, however, is not without its problems. There is some evidence that it was compiled from more than one source. For example, in Joshua 3:6, we read:
>And Joshua spake unto the priests, saying, Take up the ark of the covenant, and pass over before the people. And they took up the ark of the covenant, and went before the people. ([Joshua 3:6](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua%203&version=KJV))
But in Joshua 4:11, we read:
>And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over, that the ark of the Lord passed over, and the priests, in the presence of the people. ([Joshua 4:11](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua%204&version=KJV))
In one account, the people preceded the Ark of the Covenant : In the other account, the Ark preceded the people. This inconsistency is resolved, perhaps, in Joshua 3:17:
>And the priests that bare the ark of the covenant of the Lord stood firm on dry ground in the midst of Jordan, and all the Israelites passed over on dry ground, until all the people were passed clean over Jordan. (Joshua 3:17)
The Ark preceded the people into the dried-up riverbed, but the people preceded the Ark out of the riverbed into Canaan. Perhaps there is no inconsistency after all. Nevertheless, the suspicion remains that the redactor is trying to reconcile two disparate accounts. Similar disparities—whether real or apparent—as well as a number of redundancies and repetitions, suggest that we are dealing here with a conflation of two or more traditions (Berlin & Brettler 470 ff):
Ref|Account 1|Account 2|Ref
-|-|-|-
3:6|And Joshua spake unto the priests, saying, Take up the ark of the covenant, and pass over before the people. And they took up the ark of the covenant, and went before the people|And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over, that the ark of the Lord passed over, and the priests, in the presence of the people.|4:11
3:12|Now therefore take you twelve men out of the tribes of Israel, out of every tribe a man.|Take you twelve men out of the people, out of every tribe a man,|4:2
4:9|And Joshua set up twelve stones in the midst of Jordan,|And those twelve stones, which they took out of Jordan, did Joshua pitch in Gilgal.|4:20
4:1|And it came to pass, when all the people were clean passed over Jordan, that the Lord spake unto Joshua,|For the priests which bare the ark stood in the midst of Jordan, until everything was finished that the Lord commanded Joshua to speak unto the people, according to all that Moses commanded Joshua: and the people hasted and passed over.|4:10
3:17|and all the Israelites passed over on dry ground, until all the people were passed clean over Jordan.|And the children of Reuben, and the children of Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh, passed over armed before the children of Israel, as Moses spake unto them: About forty thousand prepared for war passed over before the Lord unto battle, to the plains of Jericho.|4:12-13
<center>https://i.imgur.com/TEcLUNp.jpg</center><center>**The Twelve Tribes of Ancient Israel and their Territories**</center>
It is curious to see the Tribes of Reuben and Gad and the Half-Tribe of Manasseh singled out for special mention. These are the three Tranjordanian Tribes, whose territories on the eastern side of the Jordan had already been conquered by Moses—allegedly. The second half of this verse is possibly an attempt to correct the inconsistency between its first half—_all the Israelites passed over_—and Joshua 1:14, in which Joshua says to these three tribes:
>Your wives, your little ones, and your cattle, shall remain in the land which Moses gave you on this side Jordan; but ye shall pass before your brethren armed, all the mighty men of valour, and help them; ([Joshua 1:14](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua%201&version=KJV))
# Gilgal Candidates #
In Hebrew, _Gilgal_ means _wheel_ (Strong 27) or _round_ (Berlin & Brettler 471). This is theorized by some to refer to a stone circle (Freedman 3192). If true, this toponym is surely connected with the story of the twelve stones that Joshua set up at Gilgal, though it still leaves open the question of which came first: the story may have been invented to explain the name, or the place may have taken its name from an actual ritual.
Alternatively, _Gilgal_ may have meant _enclosure_ or _gathering place_, suggesting that it was the name of a town (Junkkaala 269). This actually makes sense. Throughout the conquest, Gilgal was Joshua’s base of operations. After each military expedition, the Israelites returned to Gilgal, and it was here that they celebrated their first passover in Canaan. Why remain at a makeshift encampment in the plains after you have captured several fortified towns, which could have been defended more easily?
<center>https://i.imgur.com/utsDgGW.jpg</center><center>**Strong’s 1537**</center>
There are at least five different places in the Old Testament with this name, but the identity of Joshua’s Gilgal is still a mystery. We are told that it lay _in the east border of Jericho_ and _in the plains of Jericho_. From a military point of view, it stands to reason that Joshua would have occupied an elevated position:
>The only OT clue to the exact location of ancient Gilgal occurs in Josh 4:19, where it is located on the east border of Jericho, meaning, of course, the territory of Jericho and not the city itself. Although Tell en-Nitla, about 3.5 km E of Jericho, seems to provide the best fit for this description, excavations have yielded no evidence for occupation before the Byzantine period (Muilenberg 1955: 19–20). Two more promising candidates are to be found in the vicinity of Khirbet Mefjir (M.R. 193143), about 3 km NE of Jericho. Archaeological soundings at one of these sites, a little N of Khirbet el-Mefjir, yielded characteristic Iron Age pottery (Muilenberg 1955), while work at the other site, slightly W of Khirbet el-Mefjir, left the question unanswered (Bennett 1972; Landes 1975). Although it seems quite possible that ancient Gilgal is to be found somewhere nearby, its exact location remains enigmatic. (Freedman 3193)
Tell en-Nitla lies about 5 km south-east of the ancient city of Jericho (Tell es-Sultan, or Tel Jericho). Aside from the lack of archaeological remains of Biblical age, it does not seem to be the sort of position a military commander would have occupied if his intention was to attack Jericho. It is not particularly elevated, and there are many other hilltop locations in the vicinity which could have been more easily defended if the inhabitants of Jericho had taken the initiative and attacked Joshua.
According to Joshua 15:7, Gilgal lay to the north of the Valley of Achor, which later formed the boundary between Judah and Benjamin. The Achor has never been identified, but it is commonly supposed to be the Wadi al-Qelt (Prat River), which flows to the south of Tell en-Nitla (Orr 1231). It is also thought that the latter once bore the name _Jaljul_, which could derive from the Biblical toponym _Gilgal_ (Singer 668).
Khirbet el-Mefjir, which lies 2.5 km ENE of Tel Jericho, is no more promising from a military point of view, as it too is not particularly elevated. The presence of Iron Age pottery is promising, but if the Short Chronology is correct, Joshua’s Conquest of Canaan took place at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, contemporaneous with the early 18th Dynasty of Egypt.
<center></center><center>**Map of Jericho and Environs**</center>
# Khirbet el-Mastarah #
Another candidate that has been suggested is Khirbet el-Mastarah, which lies about 10 km north of Tel Jericho. There is evidence of Israelite occupation from the end of the Middle Bronze Age, so it is old enough to have been Gilgal, although its position contradicts Joshua 4:19. This small site (1 hectare) included round enclosures for animals:
>El-Mastarah contains three types of architectural units: large rounded enclosures (about 10 ft in diameter), small rounded or oval enclosures (usually 6–10 ft in diameter), and small rectilinear rooms (usually about 4 by 6 ft) ... The earliest settlement, however, might have occurred in the east, in the Jordan Valley, at small, rural sites like el-Mastarah, where the settlers corralled their sheep and goats in enclosures while they lived in tents around them. (Hawkins & Ben-Shlomo)
Significantly, Khirbet el-Masterah is only one of several ancient sites that have been recently discovered in the Jordan Valley:
>In 1978, Adam Zertal launched a survey of the traditional tribal territory of Manasseh to bring fresh data to an old debate ... Zertal conducted the survey of Manasseh continually until his death in 2015 and covered more than 966 square miles on foot, which is about 80 percent of the central hill country area. The survey discovered hundreds of Iron Age I sites, thus producing a wealth of data about the early Israelite settlement in the highlands from c. 1250 to 1000 B.C.E. ... In the Jordan Valley, Zertal discovered 69 sites with pottery dating to the early Israelite settlement period (c. 1250–1000 B.C.E.). Most of these sites are simply large rings of stones, probably used to house sheep or goats. A handful of them are more complex and include additional structures abutting the enclosures. For reasons we will discuss below, Zertal associated those who established these new sites with the early Israelites. (Hawkins & Ben-Shlomo)
<center>https://i.imgur.com/PjX5d84.jpg</center><center>**Khirbet el-Masterah**</center>
Although this survey conducted by the Israeli archaeologist [Adam Zertal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Zertal) concentrated on the early Iron Age, where he located the Conquest, some of the sites uncovered have evidence of occupation dating to the Bronze Age, which is where I place the Conquest. Many of these sites featured sandal-shaped stone enclosures, such as those thought to lie behind the toponym _Gilgal_:
>In terms of the layout of the site as a whole, the Ebal site most closely resembles a number of other sites discovered by the survey of Manasseh, all in the Jordan Valley, whose enclosures are designed in the shape of a “sandal,” the shape of which is not directed by the topography ... Zertal ... has suggested calling these sites _gilgalim_, a term that connotes gathering places ... It has long been recognized that “Gilgal” is not a place name but, more probably, a type of fortified encampment. (Hawkins 174 ... 179)
These sites span the Middle Bronze Age and Iron Age:
>The Mt. Ebal site was then compared with a number of fortified encampments, or _gilgalim_, discovered in the Jordan Valley, which appear to have served as cultic sites of some kind with simple _bāmōt_ located within them. The Ebal site was seen to have shared the basic layout of these sites, though its central structure was more complex. Lastly, a series of altars ranging from the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age II was surveyed, and it was seen that many of the features of these altars were mirrored in the main building at the Mt. Ebal site, which seemed to correspond with the type lb open altar. (Hawkins 312)
<center>https://i.imgur.com/gY9UKjk.jpg</center><center>**Gilgal Argaman**</center>
#Gilgal Argaman #
The archaeological site known as Gilgal Argaman, which was discovered by Zertal in 2009, is his favoured candidate for Joshua’s Gilgal. It lies about 33 km north of Jericho. This is an Iron Age I site, which accords with Zertal’s belief that the Exodus took place during the [19th Dynasty](https://patternsofevidence.com/2018/09/28/footprint-evidence-of-the-israelites/). His identification has not been widely accepted—principally because most mainstream archaeologists reject the historicity of Joshua and his Conquest of Canaan, preferring instead the gradual emergence of Israel from the indigenous population. Its location is at odds with Joshua 4:19, which places Gilgal _in the east border of Jericho_. Another tradition, preserved in Joshua 5:10, places Gilgal _in the plains of Jericho_, which could conceivably include Gilgal Argaman.
# The Hill of Foreskins #
If the Israelites crossed the Jordan opposite Jericho, then the most likely place in which to seek Gilgal would be on the edge of the hilly country 7-8 km east of Tel Jericho. From here, Joshua would have been able to survey the whole Plain of Jericho.
According to Joshua 5:3, Gilgal was also called _Givat Ha’Aralot_, or _Hill of Foreskins_, for it was here that the Israelites who had been born in the Wilderness were circumcised with flint knives. This name—which could be a corruption of an older toponym—confirms that Gilgal was an elevated position. A popular choice for this Hill of Foreskins is Gilgal Camp, a hill about 21 km north of Tel Jericho.
<center>https://i.imgur.com/PfAz3uo.jpg</center><center>**Gilgal Camp**</center>
In 2009, the American archaeologist Steve Rosen published a satirical paper entitled _ Givat Ha’Aralot: An Archaeological Parable_, which retold the story of how a Neolithic site at [Sha’ar Hagolan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaGolan_(archaeological_site)) in the Jordan Valley was identified with Gilgal on account of the presence of flint tools. Needless to say, the identification was ridiculed by mainstream archaeologists. But what if the Israelites had encamped on such a site? Could the accidental presence of Neolithic flint knives be the source of the tradition that the Israelites had been circumcised here with such implements? Perhaps the historical Gilgal was a site which had been occupied since much earlier times.
Flint knives have also been found in Canaan which date to the Bronze Age. The production of flint implements persisted throughout the Bronze Age, but declined during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. The technique of creating tools from flint had been common in Egypt since the Early Dynastic Period. The Israelites, therefore, could have learnt this technique during their sojourn in that country. Although the Egyptian flint industry suffered a noticeable decline during the Hyksos Period (ie between the Middle and New Kingdoms), it was not discontinued completely. A more marked decline occurred at the end of the New Kingdom (Graves-Brown 282).
It is even possible—if not probable—that circumcision was another Egyptian practice adopted by the Israelites during the Sojourn:
>Strabo in his [_Geography_](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D17%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D5) said of the Egyptians: “They circumcise the males, as also the females, as is the custom also among the Jews, who are of Egyptian origin.” (Book XVII) ... It is often assumed that that circumcision was executed using flint ... There are two biblical references to flint and circumcision in Egypt. Zipporah, the wife of Moses, circumcised her son with a flint picked from the ground, while on the journey from Midian to Egypt (Exodus 4:25). This could be an _ad hoc_ use of flint, in circumstances where metal knives may have been in short supply. However, additionally, Joshua is commanded to circumcise, using flint knives, all the men who came out of Egypt (Joshua 5:2-10). The biblical statements at least show that others linked flint and Egyptian circumcision ... The evidence for use of simple flint blades in circumcision is inconclusive but significant. Flint would be the ideal material for such a delicate operation, being sterile and extremely sharp. (Graves-Brown 270 ... 271)
<center>https://i.imgur.com/6sYNUjN.jpg</center><center>**Copy of an Egyptian Bas Relief Depicting Circumcision**</center>
# Conclusion #
According to the working model of the Short Chronology which I am following, Joshua’s Conquest of Canaan took place at the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age, just after the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt and the inauguration of the 18th Dynasty. In absolute terms, this was around 761 BCE.
As we have seen, there are some candidates for Gilgal from this era—Khirbet el-Masterah, for example. And of the hundreds of sites discovered by Adam Zertal’s survey of 1978-2015, most have yet to be properly excavated. It is, therefore, far too early to close the book on Gilgal. Its historicity and location remain matters of scholarly debate.
And that’s a good place to stop.
---
## References ##
* [Adele Berlin & Marc Zvi Brettler](https://1lib.eu/book/2166893/6eada8), _The Jewish Study Bible_, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004)
* [David Noel Freedman (editor)](https://1lib.eu/book/1305882/7177ee), _The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary_, Volume 2, Doubleday, New York (1992)
* [Carolyn Graves-Brown](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1306709/1/1306709.pdf), _The Ideological Significance of Flint in Dynastic Egypt_, Volume 1, University College London, Institute of Archaeology, London (2010)
* [Ralph K Hawkins](https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=dissertations), _The Iron Age I Structure on Mount Ebal: Excavation and
Interpretation_, Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses, _**Dissertations**_ 64, Berrien Springs, MI (2007)
* [Ralph K Hawkins, David Ben-Shlomo](https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/magazine/khirbet-el-mastarah-an-early-israelite-settlement/), _Khirbet el-Mastarah: An Early Israelite Settlement?_, _**Biblical Archaeology Review**_, Volume 44, Number 4, Washington, DC (2018)
* [Eero Junkkaala](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39937804.pdf), _Three Conquests of Canaan_, Åbo Akademi University Press, Åbo, Finland (2006)
* [James Orr (General Editor)](https://archive.org/details/cu31924063473403/page/n587/mode/1up), _The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia_, Volume 2, The Howard-Severance Company, Chicago (1915)
* [Steve Rosen](https://www.academia.edu/4083771/Givat_HaAralot_An_Archaeological_Parable), _Givat Ha’Aralot: An Archaeological Parable_, _**Near Eastern Archaeology**_, American Schools of Oriental Research, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2009)
* [Isidore Singer (managing editor)](https://archive.org/details/b29000488_0005/page/668/mode/1up), _The Jewish Encyclopedia_, Volume 5, Funk & Wagnalls Co, New York (1904)
* [James Strong](https://archive.org/details/exhaustiveconcor1890stro/page/n1640/mode/1up), _Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary_, in **_The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible_**, Eaton & Mains, New York (1890)
## Image Credits ##
* [Joshua at Gilgal (_Joshua Roll_, Detail)](https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Pal.gr.431.pt.B): _Josua Rolle_, Sec X, Palatinus Graecus 431, Part B, © Vatican Library, Fair Use
* [The Twelve Tribes of Ancient Israel and their Territories](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:12_Tribes_of_Israel_Map.svg): © [Janz]( https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Janz), Creative Commons License
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oval_compound_at_Khirbet_el-Mastarah.jpg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oval_compound_at_Khirbet_el-Mastarah.jpg): © [Natritmeyer](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Natritmeyer), Creative Commons License
* [ Copy of an Egyptian Bas Relief Depicting Circumcision](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Framed_plaster_copy_of_bas_relief_showing_surgical_operation_Wellcome_L0058020.jpg): Mastaba of Ankhmahor, © [Science Museum](https://wellcomecollection.org/works/pzmfjnjc), London, [Wellcome Collection Gallery](https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/2b/ea/227ac68854905e2edf68bd4543a6.jpg), Creative Commons License
* [Gilgal Camp](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilgal_.jpg): © Rgrobman, Creative Commons License
* [ Gilgal Argaman](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gilgal_Argaman.JPG): © Adam Zertal, Creative Commons License
![](https://i.imgur.com/7kq532u.png)" |
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extensions | [] |
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signatures | 0. | 1f60acbfaae0f8ddc9733befe5deaf60596e359956149f3a9f6fb1f1bab55627ae2b16c3ea60830ef0f1a23e3a3b13fd65e342d60fe5acfd92052bd43a79970e6c |
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transaction_id | 663403ba61c4ab2763d36217ee658e9db0c07754 |
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block_num | 52,094,401 |
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transaction_num | 27 |
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