Cycloaddition 
Amino Acid
Pyrrole 
Furan  
Furfural 
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is one of the most promising molecules with huge synthetic potential.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisin

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrone

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitronate

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Oxoammonium_salt

Regeneration Pathway
Warburg Effect (Oncology)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin

Fenbendazole acts as a moderate microtubule destabilizing agent and causes cancer cell death by modulating multiple cellular pathways

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6085345/

The Antitumor Potentials of Benzimidazole Anthelmintics as Repurposing Drugs

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7458798/

..

Fenbendazole and SV40:

Some research suggests that fenbendazole may have an anti-cancer effect, potentially by inhibiting the growth or spread of cells infected with SV40. 

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) solutions, like Acetadote, typically have a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. This range ensures the solution is neither too acidic nor too alkaline.

Researchers discover intake of FDA-approved drug modulates disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease model

https://medicine.iu.edu/news/2022/03/niacin-alzheimers-research

Niacin, a B vitamin, has shown promise in modulating microglial response and potentially attenuating amyloid-induced pathology in models of Alzheimer's disease, particularly through the activation of the niacin receptor HCAR2.

..

Serotonin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs):

In patients with serotonin-producing NETs, tryptophan and niacin can be deficient, as the tumors can divert tryptophan metabolism towards serotonin production.

Carcinoid Syndrome:

When NETs, particularly those in the gastrointestinal tract, release hormones like serotonin, they can cause carcinoid syndrome. 

Carcinoid Heart Disease:

High levels of serotonin can also contribute to carcinoid heart disease, a condition characterized by fibrosis (scarring) of the heart valves, particularly on the right side of the heart.

5-HT & 5-HIAA 

5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) is the primary metabolite of serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter and hormone.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is a waste product in the urine that measures the body's serotonin levels. It's used to diagnose and monitor carcinoid tumors, a type of neuroendocrine tumor. 5-HIAA levels can also indicate other conditions, such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and autism spectrum disorder.

5-HIAA a biomarker for inborn errors of metabolism, diseases of malabsorption, and psychiatric conditions.

An increase in brain 5-HT contents appears to have an important part in the therapeutic activity of Niacin. Neurochemical results show a vital role of Niacin by inhibiting MAOs and increasing 5-HT levels. Simultaneously, Niacin reduces redox status by decreasing oxidative stress marker and increasing antioxidant enzyme is also in favor of its protective effect for reducing anxiety and enhancing exploratory activity. In-silico studies also recommend that Niacin instigated increase in 5-HT levels probably due to binding of Niacin with MAOs.

Adult Stem Cell Regeneration

Nicotinamide Promotes Cell Survival and Differentiation as Kinase Inhibitor in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6294242/

Adult Stem Cell Regeneration:

Adult stem cells are involved in tissue repair and regeneration throughout life. Niacin's ability to boost NAD+ and improve mitochondrial function may contribute to the rejuvenation and enhanced activity of these stem cells. 

Research also suggests that niacin can enhance the expansion of adult stem cells from various tissues, including pancreas, colon, bone marrow, and umbilical cord.

Niacin Cures Systemic NAD+ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy

https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(20)30190-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041312030190X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Royal Jelly 
Honey 
Amono Acid
Methionine
Hematopoietic 
Stem Cell 
Regeneration

Royal jelly, a substance secreted by honeybees, contains methionine and other amino acids, and has shown potential in promoting stem cell function and regenerative processes, with some studies suggesting its ability to increase hematopoietic stem cell counts and enhance learning and memory. 

New Insights into the Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Royal Jelly

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7014095/

Royal Jelly: Biological Action and Health Benefits

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11172503/

Royal Jelly Increases Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Peripheral Blood

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9859695/

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Hydroxycarboxylic Acid 
Receptor 2
GPR109A
HCA2
GPER
AREG

Ribose
Nicotinamide Riboside

Prostaglandin
Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA)
Dietary Fiber Fermentation

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPER

Niacin 
Insulin 
Sensitivity 
Resistance 
Sirtuin 
Adiponectin
T2D

Sulfur Insulin 
Deformation Hypothesis 

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

https://examine.com/supplements/vitamin-b3/research/?srsltid=AfmBOorOjULBJ4uD0Tdoqh4FbsitOEFGlOVwh2e7MSqiZ6XpPwv3wnoe#PlOn4Jq-interactions-with-glucose-metabolism

Niacin fine-tunes energy homeostasis through canonical GPR109A signaling

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382416v1.full

Niacin regulates glucose metabolism and osteogenic differentiation via the SIRT2-C/EBPβ-AREG signaling axis

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224013337

The Promise of Niacin in Neurology

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878747923019104

Unraveling the Sulfur Insulin Deformation Hypothesis: A Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Type 2 Diabetes

https://www.qeios.com/read/UK9O6V

..

Hypothalamus 
Brain Waves 
Alpha Theta

Alpha waves (8-12 Hz): Associated with relaxed wakefulness, meditation, and daydreaming. 

Theta waves (4-8 Hz): Linked to deep relaxation, meditation, dreaming, and daydreaming. 

The hypothalamus is a key brain region involved in regulating homeostasis, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles. 

The hypothalamus's role in regulating sleep-wake cycles can influence the dominance of different brainwave frequencies (e.g., theta waves during sleep, beta waves during wakefulness). 

The hypothalamus can also influence brainwave activity through its connections with other brain regions, such as the limbic system and cortex. 

Theta waves are particularly prominent in the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation. 

Theta oscillations in the hippocampus are thought to play a role in coordinating neuronal activity and facilitating memory consolidation.

The presence of a methyl group, along with the naphthoquinone structure, is essential for the biological activity of vitamin K, particularly its role in blood clotting and bone metabolism.

The "Sulfur Insulin Deformation Hypothesis" suggests that organic sulfur deficiency can lead to insulin deformation and impaired function in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), rather than solely relying on the traditional concept of insulin resistance. This hypothesis proposes that proper disulfide bond formation within the insulin molecule is crucial for its functionality, and that a lack of organic sulfur can disrupt this process. 

Insulin is a protein hormone composed of two chains linked by disulfide bonds, which are formed by sulfur atoms. These bonds are essential for maintaining the proper three-dimensional structure of insulin, which is crucial for its activity. 

Niacin's Role:
Long-term niacin treatment has been shown to cause whole-body insulin resistance. 

Adipose Tissue 
Adipocyte
MicroRNAs
Lipolysis
PDE3B

Homocysteine
Methyl CH3


..

Unraveling the Sulfur Insulin Deformation Hypothesis: A Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Type 2 Diabetes

https://www.qeios.com/read/UK9O6V

Niacin

https://examine.com/supplements/vitamin-b3/research/?srsltid=AfmBOorOjULBJ4uD0Tdoqh4FbsitOEFGlOVwh2e7MSqiZ6XpPwv3wnoe#PlOn4Jq-interactions-with-glucose-metabolism