Selenium is not necessary a cure for anything, and highly toxic in excess, but whats fascinating is it Sulfur binding & swapping attributes.

NAC in my opinion is a fantastic tool to break up toxic acids that bind & lock out Intercellular Potassium.

MSM is DMSO2, what i suspect is its help NAC softening biofilms h plaque.

Potassium Citrate normally high Alkali 8 Ph, seems to just need a little extra Citric to make more balanced.

Magnesium appears to be an enzyme flipper & required for all kind of things.

it is fascinating that NAC breaks up both Kidney & Gallbladder, Liver stones, or plaque.

thats basically the while idea, break up toxic acids, binding up Potassium deposits, and put it back in cells.

it would be nice to know if Intracellular Potassium Homeostasis would actually protect Selenium, Molybdenum, Zinc & Iron from falling out of place, so the need to supplement would be very minimal.

i dont like to be required to take trace minerals for a regime, anything toxic at large doses is a red flag.

 just want them to stay put.

Potassium seems to check the boxes for this to happen, but still not sure yet 

just seems when cellular Homeostasis is knocked out via low Intracellular Potassium, the rest fall out of place.

i have e noticed even a regular B Vitamin makes me flush, what that tells me is the NAC, MSM & Potassium is holding the Nitrogen in place, so its no longer needed.

seem to have fixed the Magnesium oil with Potassium Citrate Ph problem, added more Citric Acid and did the Ph taste test, if it tastes salty add more Citric until it tasts tangy, learned that trick from a farmer testing soil.

seems to be better for the dry skin it was causing.

Heparan
Phosphatidylinositol

..

Nerve Growth Factor

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor

cystine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystinosis

Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cystine, the oxidized dimer of the amino acid cysteine.

A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from accumulation of free cystine in lysosomes, eventually leading to intracellular crystal formation throughout the body. 

Cystinosis is the most common cause of Fanconi syndrome in the pediatric age group. Fanconi syndrome occurs when the function of cells in renal tubules is impaired, leading to abnormal amounts of carbohydrates and amino acids in the urine, excessive urination, and low blood levels of potassium and phosphates.

..

Malaria and Cancer: a critical review on the established associations and new perspectives

https://infectagentscancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13027-021-

N-acetyl-cysteine is associated to renal function improvement in patients with nephropathic cystinosis

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-013-2705-3

A forgotten epidemic that changed medicine: measles in the US Army, 1917–18

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6617519/

..

Malaria Polyomaviruses comes up with results, but Malaria HV40 search result is locked.

IARC Monographs consider the following agents for the first time: malaria (a disease caused by infection with the Plasmodium parasite) and four polyomaviruses: the simian virus SV40, and the BK, JC, and Merkel cell polyomaviruses.

Malaria and Some Polyomaviruses (SV40, BK, JC, and Merkel Cell Viruses)

Antibodies against malaria and Epstein-Barr virus in childhood Burkitt lymphoma: a case-control study in Uganda 

Carcinogenicity of malaria and of some polyomaviruses

https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Malaria-And-Some-Polyomaviruses-SV40-BK-JC-And-Merkel-Cell-Viruses--2013

Histamine
Histidine
Histone
Histone Octamer

Creatinine
Histamine
Nitrogen
Niacin

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/histidine

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/histamine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_octamer

just seems like the very exact ingredients dont require very much to do a lot, so slamming random supliments is not the correct direction.

something is blocked, and the remedy is just to unblock something, and a little goes a long way.

it also has to do with Melatonin & Serotonin metabolism, it an important part.

i did a pretty effective test using NAC, because it so close to the general formula that seems to work best, except for the single Nitrogen, found that excess NAC seems to trigger a Histamine reaction.

the best seems to be ..

NAC
Citric (or Vitamin C)

Magnesium
Potassium

Epsom Salt is so close to the correct formula, Magnesium & Sulfur (MSM).

but need Potassium & Citrate

bypassing any need for a Nitrogen, is what it appears, just needs a Citric to activate the MSM.

MSM & Minerals without Citric Acid makes skin dry from excess Alkali, so apparently skin needs to be at Ph of 5 (acidic), requiring Citric acid.

All plants vegetation & all animal protein & blood are loaded with Nitrogen, B-Vitamins are Nitrogen ect..

beginning to suspect B-Vitamin formation & metabolism is completely dependent upon MSM Sulphur & Citric Acid Cycle, along with Magnesium & Potassium for enzyme formation.

Differentiating Sulfur Compounds

Sulfa Drugs, Glucosamine Sulfate, Sulfur, and Sulfiting Agents

http://www.itmonline.org/arts/sulfa.htm

The Down Side to High Oxalates – Problems with Sulfate, B6, Gut, and Methylation

https://www.beyondmthfr.com/side-high-oxalates-problems-sulfate-b6-gut-methylation/ 

Oxalates could be the reason for your inflammation 

https://nutritionalhealingworks.com/oxalates/

KIDNEY STONE TYPES

https://kidneystones.uchicago.edu/2014/06/20/kidney-stone-types/

Nutritional Management of Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4525130/

Oxalate 
Histamine 
Salicylate 
Sulfate (MSM)

Oxalates and Chronic Disease

https://price-pottenger.org/journal_article/oxalates-and-chronic-disease/

Magnesium as a new player in CKD: too little is as bad as too much?

https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(17)30460-X/fulltext

Oral Magnesium Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5678662/

Sulfate V: An Introduction To Oxalate Toxicity & Gut Dysbiosis

https://www.eonutrition.co.uk/post/sulfate-v-an-introduction-to-oxalate-toxicity-gut-dysbiosis

..

just seems like the very exact ingredients dont require very much to do a lot, so slamming random supliments is not the correct direction.

something is blocked, and the remedy is just to unblock something, and a little goes a long way.

it also has to do with Melatonin & Serotonin metabolism, it an important part.

i did a pretty effective test using NAC, because it so close to the general formula that seems to work best, except for the single Nitrogen, found that excess NAC seems to trigger a Histamine reaction.

the best seems to be ..

MSM (Sulfate)
Citric (or Vitamin C)
Quercetin (Polyphenol)

Magnesium
Potassium 
Calcium

Epsom Salt is so close to the correct formula, Magnesium & Sulfur (MSM).

but need Potassium & Citrate

bypassing any need for a Nitrogen, is what it appears, just needs a Citric to activate the MSM.

MSM & Minerals without Citric Acid makes skin dry from excess Alkali, so apparently skin needs to be at Ph of 5 (acidic), requiring Citric acid.

All plants vegetation & all animal protein & blood are loaded with Nitrogen, B-Vitamins are Nitrogen ect..

beginning to suspect B-Vitamin formation & metabolism is completely dependent upon MSM Sulphur & Citric Acid Cycle, along with Magnesium & Potassium for enzyme formation.

all of these ingredients together, they are from Trees & the Ocean.

its like the medicine is all in a tree, after removing the Nitrogen, and Coral Reef Calcium, its got all the elements in it.

pathogenic microbes are slowly killing us, but cant be fixed by "fight fire with fire" approach.

all meat & vegetables are already loaded with Nitrogen, our blood is basically Nitrogen, so the next conclusion is to convert excess Nitrogen into cellular metabolites by using things like Sulfate & Magnesium.

MSM, Citrate, Magnesium, Potassium, Quercetin ect.. appear to make latent Nitrogen already in the body more bio-available for mitochondria, and allowing the body immunity to kill off pathogens naturally?

tried a few different ways to make MSM or DMSO combine with oil, some old recipes said to put it in the sun for a few weeks, like sun tea.

acupuncturist just cooks it in directly, the Sulfur from onion & garlic, along with the apple Sugars carmalized into an oil based polyphenol.

tested DMSO Magnesium/Potassium Oil.

made my skin dry at Ph-8, discovered skin Ph-5, needs acidic.

Sulfur Citric give the good acid boost.

NAC is good for athletes & lung support.

what ive found is NAC has that one Nitrogen element, triggers my Histamine with daily dose.

NAC replacement is Citric & MSM, replaced without the Nitrogen.

for whatever reason the Vinegar Citric activates the Sulfur MSM/DMSO.

MSM is responsible for breaking up all of the toxic acid plaques.

Oxalate
Creatinine
Histamine
Salicylate

Quercetin & Bromelain seem to work well with MSM, break up plaque & Histamine.

found a clue that Sulfate deficiency is the very first cause to trigger Amyloid Plaque.

MSM activation does seem to require a Citric-like acid, Vinegar or Vitamin C may be capable of filling this role, Magnesium & Potassium help enzyme operate breaking down toxic acids.

MSM repairs Gut lining, Gout, Kidney Stones & Gallstones.

just a suspension, MSM seems to replace B-Vitamins synthesis by converting excess Nitrogen into intracellular ATP, cell food.

..

MSM powder in juice  or just the capsules, seems tp work best with Citrus.

what caught my attention is how it fixes Cholesterol, Vitamin D & converts excess Nitrogen into Nitric Oxide.

Sunlight may be part of the process, possibly even Red Light or Sauna may do the same thing.

MSM & Citric is helping a lot of things, but wont blend with oil.

So by taking the MSM & Getting sun, red lamp or sauna may be enough.

kind of leans into the idea a few months ago, DMSO or MSM in Olive Oil & Citric, in a glass bottle in thw sun, like a sun tea, the idea is that it would somehow convert the Oil into something similar to activated Vitamin D, but never got around to it.

one of these days, the reason was because the Sulfur wont blend with Oil, it seperates, so the sunlight would maybe fix that.

the original idea for B Vitamins to make Nitric Oxide, but apparently requires sunlight, and we already have plenty of Nitrogen in our blood already, so Sulfur & Sunlight.

still testing MSM & DMSO, so apparently Coenzyme-A requires a high pH to function, baking soda is feeling pretty good lately, always worried about the Sodium levels, but it dosnt seem to be a problem.

Neutralized by MSM (Sulfate)

Oxalate
Calcium Oxalate
Kidney Stones 

Creatinine 
Nitrogen 
5-Carbon

MTHFR
Homocysteine 
Mythyl Doner
SAM-e
Cobalt (B-12)
Phosphorus (B-6)

..

horses given MSM because Alfalfa has too much Nitrogen.

cooked & microwaved food making Nitrates because the Sulfur is knocked out.

i have tried a few different ways to make MSM or DMSO combine with oil, some old recipes said to put it in the sun for a few weeks, like sun tea.

Sulfur from onion & garlic, along with the apple Sugars carmalized into an oil based polyphenol.

MSM, Grapefruit & Pomegranate Juice mixed.

Quercetin with Bromelain, Potassium & Magnesium.

something like that .. seems to make me feel good & calm.

i think the conclusion is, we know pathogenic microbes are slowly killing us, but cant be fixed by "fight fire with fire" approach.

all meat & vegetables are already loaded with Nitrogen, our blood is basically Nitrogen, so the next conclusion is to convert excess Nitrogen into cellular metabolites by using things like Sulfate & Magnesium.

my dad has a genetic autoimmune disease that occasionally flares up, so i mapped all of his doctors diagnostic conditions, everything linked to Histamine.

so looked at the only medication that helped him.

did some thinking, his medication was a synthetic Polyphenol, similar to Quercetin.

gave him MSM & Quercetin, he had a big reverse of his symptoms.my dad has a genetic autoimmune disease that occasionally flares up, so i mapped all of his doctors diagnostic conditions, everything linked to Histamine.

found a few reports of people claiming DMSO & Potassium Iodine shrinks cysts & hemorrhoids, problem is too much Iodine may be a problem, so not sure yet.

got a little eye dropper to test little bumps & things.

its just too hot, so the opposite is Sulfate, so it seems like the best best thing to test, how to cool the immune system, and hopefully it also clears pathogens.

MSM, Citrate, Magnesium, Potassium, Quercetin ect.. appear to make latent Nitrogen already in the body more bio-available for mitochondria, and allowing the body immunity to kill off pathogens naturally?

its just too hot, so the opposite is Sulfate, so it seems like the best best thing to test, how to cool the immune system, and hopefully it also clears pathogens.

found data showing how Bacterial Biofilm & Amyloid are broken up with MSM, so if it breaks up the toxic armor, then it must effect the pathogens directly.

without directly fighting with a Nitrogen, because our bodies are already loaded with Nitrogen, dosnt need any extra, just needs to be readjusted with Sulfate.

cooking food makes Sulfate evaporate, and depleted soils have no Sulfur, meaning our diets have almost no Sulfate at all, making Nitrogen even more abundant.

DMSO & MSM are also a Methyl Doner, its difficult to find the data, but it appears to be true.

meaning it helps make SAM-e, and makes enzymes continue breaking up toxic blockages.

anything Citric does seem to accelerate the Sulfur metabolize any buildup problems.

from what i understand Sulfate breaks down Oxalate, and so therefore MSM can be used as a buffer to keep Vitamin C from converting into Oxalate.

so the idea is just a Vitamin C supplement should work like Citric & Citrate.

the Sulfur & Citric is making Acetyl-CoA into SAM into ATP, in t process is making synthesis of Vitamin B & C.

i think its making B Vitamins from latent Nitrogen in the body & converting Citrate into Ascorbate.

the MSM & Citric, think its making the Acetyl-CoA, SAM-e & ATP.

Olive oil seems more effective now, like its being used for energy production.

Olive Oil
MSM
Citrate
Magnesium
Potassium

..

im beginning to think this Acetyl-CoA or Citrate Synthase is the fish hook that binds to the Amyloid Peptide, and without it keep breaking off into Cleavage & Amyloid Plaque.

its like its trying to weave DNA & keeps losing the hook, breaking from needle to thread.

https://vedicinalsusa.com/products/vedicinals9-advanced

Baicalin, Quercetin, Luteolin, Rutin, Hesperidin, Curcumin, EGCG, Piperine, and Glycyrrhizin, as well as Vitamin C, D3, Zinc, and Selenium

Baicalin (Skullcap, Mint)
Quercetin (Oak, Caper)
Luteolin (Dandelion, Rosemary)
Rutin (Caper, Buckwheat)
Hesperidin (Citrus, Peppermint)
Curcumin (Turmeric Cinnamon)
EGCG (Catechin, Tea)
Piperine (Black Pepper)
Glycyrrhizin (Liquorice Root)

Vitamin C, D3, Zinc, and Selenium

Bicarbonate Buffer System
Carbonic Anhydrase

..

Zinc-Binding Cysteines: Diverse Functions and Structural Motifs

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4101490/

..

https://youtu.be/udgEofYO4F4?feature=shared

Niacin
Sugar
Banking Soda

Methyl (Me)
-CH3

Bicarbonate Ion
CHO3-

..

Osmolyte
Methyl Donor
Methylated 
One-Carbon 

Buffered Niacin 
Niacin Inositol 
Trigonelline

Preiss-Handler Pathway
(NaPRT)
Nicotinic Acid
Phosphoribosyltransferase 

Ocean Marine Nitrogen
Dinitrogen

A New NAD+ Precursor More Stable than NMN and NR: Trigonelline

https://www.nad.com/news/a-new-nad-precursor-more-stable-than-nmn-and-nr-trigonelline

How is NAD+ Made? Preiss-Handler Pathway

https://www.qualialife.com/how-is-nad-made-preiss-handler-pathway

..

Vitamin B3: Metabolism and Functions

https://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/vitamin-b3-metabolism-and-functions/

Methylation Donor: Roles in One-Carbon Metabolism and Health

https://biologyinsights.com/methylation-donor-roles-in-one-carbon-metabolism-and-health/

..

Trigonelline

most basic Nitrogen compound found in plants.

Dinitrogen

most basic Nitrogen compound found in Ocean Marine & Atmosphere

..

Methyl
Methyl Radical
Methenium (Cation)

..

Glutamine
vs 
Glutamate

Melatonin
vs
Serotonin

..

Nitrotyrosine 
Peroxynitrite
vs
NAC

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrotyrosine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_benzoate

..

Phosphorus-Nitrogen Heterocycles Derived from Chelating N-Donor Ligands

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.202404420

..

Niacin
DMSO

Nitrogen 
Heterocycles
Hexanicotinate
Quinazoline
Keratinocyte

Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2)

Phosphorus-Nitrogen Heterocycles Derived from Chelating N-Donor Ligands:

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.202404420

Seeing red: flushing out instigators of niacin-associated skin toxicity

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2912206/

NRF2 Activation by Nitrogen Heterocycles

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10058096/

Quinazolinones, the Winning Horse in Drug Discovery

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9919317/

Organocatalyzed Synthesis of Quinazolines

https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/11218877/Organocatalyzed_Synthesis_of_Quinazolines/

organocatalytic protocol for the synthesis of diversely substituted quinazolines promoted by vitamin B3 (niacin), using nitriles as a CN source. The team used various 2-aminobenzylamines and nitriles as substrates, niacin as the catalyst, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent. The reaction was performed at 110 °C under air.

![imgsrv-49.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmbBHEx3CpcHePhfCEpiQekqZm2itKnhfP3S8xEe3QYZNw/imgsrv-49.png)
Trimethylglycine
C5H11NO2

![imgsrv-47.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmb5RcsYY9G15Zga9wbuMRtWPnWxVr84Vc2x87HsrenRz5/imgsrv-47.png)
Inositol Niacinate
C42H30N6O12

![imgsrv-43.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmVQW7pErFNBLg8VmpFD26Sgo62oRVsrJsvHTXJPXwJ5TC/imgsrv-43.png)
Trigonelline
C7H7NO2

![imgsrv-46.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmVsmg8rX9K13q3ofSrZVpgL4fu2dpXKkq37XHAiSWe6Jq/imgsrv-46.png)
Trigonellinamide 
C7H9N2O+

![imgsrv-44.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmXmDJCeXhmqJUk1biW9roZmrFwVdgEoEttwqBtrrKzgWf/imgsrv-44.png)
Nicotinamide
C6H6N2O

![imgsrv-48.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmQFMfszgNeDUa3HnrGSDeSDrjjTxce98UABM9VYFfhjCJ/imgsrv-48.png)
Niacin
C6H5NO2

..

Trigonelline (TRL)
Trimethylglycine (TMG) 
Trigonellinamide (MNA)
Trimethylamine (TMAO)
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)

+1 Nitrogen Charge:

Trimethylglycine
Trigonellinamide
Trigonelline

Nucleotide
Salvage Pathway 

MNA
Methylnicotinamide
Trigonellamide

Niacin
Betaine
DMSO/MSM

..

N1-methylnicotinamide (Trigonellinamide) can be found abbreviated as MNA, meNAM, MNAM, or even NMN, creating inconsistency and confusion in the literature.

..

SAMe
DAO
CoA

luteolin content. Scientists studying the effects of this polyphenol founds that it entirely abolished skin flushing (and entirely abolished the rise in serum Prostaglandin D2) in humans taking Niacin. 

DAO, an enzyme that depends on Vitamin C, copper and magnesium, and via HNMT, which requires methylation).

nicotinic acid, inositol hexaniacinate and niacinamide.

..

Trigonelline is an NAD+ precursor that improves muscle function during ageing and is reduced in human sarcopenia

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-024-00997-x

Niacin Cures Systemic NAD+ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy

https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(20)30190-X

..


![imagefly-7.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmYP8HRw5J7BZQwY1i5VbR9ro2k6updSx9ZwPuJLmLJA5P/imagefly-7.png)
S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH)

![imagefly-6.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmYoEjjppX9Wer1gz5CGS3ZhuoL5ZvJpHHana8DjxXgxDJ/imagefly-6.png)
CD38 Inhibitor 1

NNMT 
CD38 
PARP 
Sirtuin 
MTHFR

Trimethylamine
Trimethylamine N-Oxide

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NNMT

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD38

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD38-IN-78c

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage

..

Complex roles of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in cancer progression

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-022-04713-z

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent cytosolic enzyme. Taking SAM as the methyl donor, NNMT catalyzes N-methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) to generate 1-methylnicotinamide (1-MNAM) and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH).

..

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine_N-oxide

..

DMSO and TMAO 
Differences in Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of the K-Peptide

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8836737/

ER Stress Pathway Endoplasmic Reticulum 

Hyperhomocysteinemia 
(HHcy)

Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)

Proteotoxic Stress

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) 

Lysyl Oxidase

Lysine

Aminoadipate Pathway

Homocysteine Thiolactone

Atherosclerosis 
Thrombocytopenia

Hageman factor 
Factor XII

MTHFR
Methyl

Niacin
TMG
MSM

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum_stress_in_beta_cells

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl_oxidase

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine_thiolactone

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_XII

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopenia 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Aminoadipate_pathway

..

Lysine Catabolism Through the Saccharopine Pathway:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7253579/

Lysine contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3.

saccharopine pathway (SACPATH) involves the conversion of lysine into α-aminoadipate. 

lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH) and the enzyme α-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH).

..

Proteinogenic Amino Acid

Lysine
Lysyl Oxidase
Aminoadipate Pathway
Homocitric acid 
Ketoglutaric Acid
Methylene Bridge
Diaminopimelic Acid
Pimelic Acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Aminoadipate_pathway

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocitric_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_bridge

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Ketoglutaric_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaminopimelic_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimelic_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid

..

Trimethylamine N-Oxide 
(TMAO)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine_N-oxide

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_group

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301668128_A_mechanism_for_bacterial_transformations_of_DMS_to_DMSO_A_missing_link_in_the_marine_organic_sulfur_cycle

Roasting and Cacao Origin Affect the Formation of Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds in 100% Chocolate

https://totalstemcell.com/news_posts/cacao-stem-cells/

Metenkephalin

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met-enkephalin

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins

https://totalstemcell.com/news_posts/cacao-stem-cells/

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10095636/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/25117-tommy-john-surgery

https://www.drbenlynch.com/methyl-group-methylation-methyl-trapping-what/

Implications of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and Betaine in Human Health: Beyond Being Osmoprotective Compounds

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-biosciences/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2022.964624/full

Narcan 
Naltrexone 
Naloxone

Serotonin Receptor
Serotonergic 5-HT2A 

https://www.inverse.com/science/psychedelics-treat-depression

..

Honey (Glucose)
Fatty Oil (Hydrogen)
Nitrogen (Amino)
MSM (Sulfate)
Minerals (Electrolyte)
Citric or NAC

https://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/25-ways-use-honey-home-remedies.html

..

Honey and Diabetes: The Importance of Natural Simple Sugars in Diet for Preventing and Treating Different Type of Diabetes

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5817209/

A Review on the Protective Effects of Honey against Metabolic Syndrome

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6115915/

Phenolic Compounds in Honey and Their Associated Health Benefits

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6225430/

Identification of Polyphenol and Reductone Antioxidants in the Caramelization Product of N-Acetylglucosamine

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00133

..

Niacin 
Nitrogen
Methyl 
Metabolism 
Amino 
Protein 
Glycogen

Niacin Cures Systemic NAD+ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy

https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(20)30190-X

Niacin improves adiponectin secretion, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese rats

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314808X15000615 

..

Glycine
Glycogen 
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glucogenic Amino Acid
Oxaloacetic Acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis

..

Dihydroxyphenyl
Hydroxytyrosol
Glucuronide
Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid (DOPAC)
Homovanillic Acid

Norepinephrine 
Catecholamine 
Phenethylamine
 



https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxytyrosol

Oleuropein
Proteasome
Ubiquitin

Hydroxyl Radical

The high antioxidant efficiency of HTyr is attributed to the presence of the o-dihydroxyphenyl moiety. It mainly acts as chain breaker by donating a hydrogen atom to peroxyl-radicals (ROO*). In this way fairly reactive ROO* is replaced with HTyr* radical, unreactive due to the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bond in the phenoxy radical.

..

Niacytin
Hydrolysis

The bound forms of the vitamin niacin, found in cereals. Complexes of niacin with polysaccharides and peptides or glycopeptides; not hydrolysed by intestinal enzymes, so biologically unavailable, but can be liberated by acid or alkaline hydrolysis or by baking the cereal, especially with an alkaline baking powder.

..

Keto 
Complex 
Dehydrogenase 
Amino 
Transferase 
Niacin 
BCKDC
Thiamine

Branched-Chain Alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complex

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine

..

Branched-Chain Alpha-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complex

The branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) is crucial for branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism, requiring thiamine and niacin as cofactors, and its deficiency can lead to maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).

Cofactors for BCKDC:

BCKDC requires several cofactors, including thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) (derived from vitamin B1), Coenzyme A, lipoamide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (derived from niacin).

Cycloaddition 
Amino Acid
Pyrrole 
Furan  
Furfural 
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is one of the most promising molecules with huge synthetic potential.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisin

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrone

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitronate

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Oxoammonium_salt

Regeneration Pathway
Warburg Effect (Oncology)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin

Fenbendazole acts as a moderate microtubule destabilizing agent and causes cancer cell death by modulating multiple cellular pathways

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6085345/

The Antitumor Potentials of Benzimidazole Anthelmintics as Repurposing Drugs

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7458798/

..

Fenbendazole and SV40:

Some research suggests that fenbendazole may have an anti-cancer effect, potentially by inhibiting the growth or spread of cells infected with SV40. 

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) solutions, like Acetadote, typically have a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. This range ensures the solution is neither too acidic nor too alkaline.

Researchers discover intake of FDA-approved drug modulates disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease model

https://medicine.iu.edu/news/2022/03/niacin-alzheimers-research

Niacin, a B vitamin, has shown promise in modulating microglial response and potentially attenuating amyloid-induced pathology in models of Alzheimer's disease, particularly through the activation of the niacin receptor HCAR2.

..

Serotonin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs):

In patients with serotonin-producing NETs, tryptophan and niacin can be deficient, as the tumors can divert tryptophan metabolism towards serotonin production.

Carcinoid Syndrome:

When NETs, particularly those in the gastrointestinal tract, release hormones like serotonin, they can cause carcinoid syndrome. 

Carcinoid Heart Disease:

High levels of serotonin can also contribute to carcinoid heart disease, a condition characterized by fibrosis (scarring) of the heart valves, particularly on the right side of the heart.

5-HT & 5-HIAA 

5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) is the primary metabolite of serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter and hormone.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is a waste product in the urine that measures the body's serotonin levels. It's used to diagnose and monitor carcinoid tumors, a type of neuroendocrine tumor. 5-HIAA levels can also indicate other conditions, such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and autism spectrum disorder.

5-HIAA a biomarker for inborn errors of metabolism, diseases of malabsorption, and psychiatric conditions.

An increase in brain 5-HT contents appears to have an important part in the therapeutic activity of Niacin. Neurochemical results show a vital role of Niacin by inhibiting MAOs and increasing 5-HT levels. Simultaneously, Niacin reduces redox status by decreasing oxidative stress marker and increasing antioxidant enzyme is also in favor of its protective effect for reducing anxiety and enhancing exploratory activity. In-silico studies also recommend that Niacin instigated increase in 5-HT levels probably due to binding of Niacin with MAOs.

Adult Stem Cell Regeneration

Nicotinamide Promotes Cell Survival and Differentiation as Kinase Inhibitor in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6294242/

Adult Stem Cell Regeneration:

Adult stem cells are involved in tissue repair and regeneration throughout life. Niacin's ability to boost NAD+ and improve mitochondrial function may contribute to the rejuvenation and enhanced activity of these stem cells. 

Research also suggests that niacin can enhance the expansion of adult stem cells from various tissues, including pancreas, colon, bone marrow, and umbilical cord.

Niacin Cures Systemic NAD+ Deficiency and Improves Muscle Performance in Adult-Onset Mitochondrial Myopathy

https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(20)30190-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041312030190X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Royal Jelly 
Honey 
Amono Acid
Methionine
Hematopoietic 
Stem Cell 
Regeneration

Royal jelly, a substance secreted by honeybees, contains methionine and other amino acids, and has shown potential in promoting stem cell function and regenerative processes, with some studies suggesting its ability to increase hematopoietic stem cell counts and enhance learning and memory. 

New Insights into the Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Royal Jelly

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7014095/

Royal Jelly: Biological Action and Health Benefits

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11172503/

Royal Jelly Increases Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Peripheral Blood

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9859695/

..

Hydroxycarboxylic Acid 
Receptor 2
GPR109A
HCA2
GPER
AREG

Ribose
Nicotinamide Riboside

Prostaglandin
Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA)
Dietary Fiber Fermentation

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPER

Niacin 
Insulin 
Sensitivity 
Resistance 
Sirtuin 
Adiponectin
T2D

Sulfur Insulin 
Deformation Hypothesis 

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

https://examine.com/supplements/vitamin-b3/research/?srsltid=AfmBOorOjULBJ4uD0Tdoqh4FbsitOEFGlOVwh2e7MSqiZ6XpPwv3wnoe#PlOn4Jq-interactions-with-glucose-metabolism

Niacin fine-tunes energy homeostasis through canonical GPR109A signaling

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/382416v1.full

Niacin regulates glucose metabolism and osteogenic differentiation via the SIRT2-C/EBPβ-AREG signaling axis

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332224013337

The Promise of Niacin in Neurology

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878747923019104

Unraveling the Sulfur Insulin Deformation Hypothesis: A Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Type 2 Diabetes

https://www.qeios.com/read/UK9O6V

..

Hypothalamus 
Brain Waves 
Alpha Theta

Alpha waves (8-12 Hz): Associated with relaxed wakefulness, meditation, and daydreaming. 

Theta waves (4-8 Hz): Linked to deep relaxation, meditation, dreaming, and daydreaming. 

The hypothalamus is a key brain region involved in regulating homeostasis, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles. 

The hypothalamus's role in regulating sleep-wake cycles can influence the dominance of different brainwave frequencies (e.g., theta waves during sleep, beta waves during wakefulness). 

The hypothalamus can also influence brainwave activity through its connections with other brain regions, such as the limbic system and cortex. 

Theta waves are particularly prominent in the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation. 

Theta oscillations in the hippocampus are thought to play a role in coordinating neuronal activity and facilitating memory consolidation.

The presence of a methyl group, along with the naphthoquinone structure, is essential for the biological activity of vitamin K, particularly its role in blood clotting and bone metabolism.

The "Sulfur Insulin Deformation Hypothesis" suggests that organic sulfur deficiency can lead to insulin deformation and impaired function in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), rather than solely relying on the traditional concept of insulin resistance. This hypothesis proposes that proper disulfide bond formation within the insulin molecule is crucial for its functionality, and that a lack of organic sulfur can disrupt this process. 

Insulin is a protein hormone composed of two chains linked by disulfide bonds, which are formed by sulfur atoms. These bonds are essential for maintaining the proper three-dimensional structure of insulin, which is crucial for its activity. 

Niacin's Role:
Long-term niacin treatment has been shown to cause whole-body insulin resistance. 

Adipose Tissue 
Adipocyte
MicroRNAs
Lipolysis
PDE3B

Homocysteine
Methyl CH3


..

Unraveling the Sulfur Insulin Deformation Hypothesis: A Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Type 2 Diabetes

https://www.qeios.com/read/UK9O6V

Niacin

https://examine.com/supplements/vitamin-b3/research/?srsltid=AfmBOorOjULBJ4uD0Tdoqh4FbsitOEFGlOVwh2e7MSqiZ6XpPwv3wnoe#PlOn4Jq-interactions-with-glucose-metabolism

![500px-Glial_Cell_Types.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmX8UMjKHoEYqdNVRWzLW1dPWtRzbxwhfrnh68YQDV4hmz/500px-Glial_Cell_Types.png)


![41583_2005_Article_BFnrn1743_Fig1_HTML.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmWna89jJTs996EL7jmaKwfqKpw59JUmgSAJwWu1oPQjaN/41583_2005_Article_BFnrn1743_Fig1_HTML.jpg)


![example_structure_of_sulfatide_42-2-2.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmUfpRZ47cSkYCmiXeCXDgYvJAxHG3LPhEYeJXPcEGVGy9/example_structure_of_sulfatide_42-2-2.png)
Sulfatide Ceramide


Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) 
Secretase 
Presenilin
N-terminus

Origin of Aβ:

The Aβ peptide is cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by enzymes called beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. 

Amyloid-beta (Aβ) Peptide:

The core component of amyloid plaques is the Aβ peptide, a small protein (40-42 amino acids). 

Aggregation and Fibril Formation:

Aβ peptides aggregate to form oligomers, then protofibrils, and finally, amyloid fibrils. These fibrils have a high β-sheet structure. 

β-Secretase (BACE1):

BACE1 cleaves APP at the N-terminus of the Aβ peptide, initiating the amyloidogenic pathway. 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein_secretase

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenilin

..

Adipose 
Adipocyte 
Endoplasmic 
Reticulum 
Myalgic 
Encephalomyelitis 
Endothelin 
Myelin

..

NMN: The NAD precursor at the intersection between axon degeneration and anti-ageing therapies

NMN 
Nicotinic Acid
Mononucleotide 
Wallerian Degeneration
Toxic NMN Accumulation
Axon Degeneration 
Programmed Axon Death 
SARM1
NMNAT2 Depletion
Homocysteine Modulator
Sirtuin
AMPK
p53
Hesperidin 
Glial Cells (Gliocytes) 

NMN: The NAD precursor at the intersection between axon degeneration and anti-ageing therapies

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168010223000044

Nerve Fiber Degeneration

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/nerve-fiber-degeneration 

Subcellular one carbon metabolism in cancer, aging and epigenetics

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/epigenetics-and-epigenomics/articles/10.3389/freae.2024.1451971/full

..

Thionine 
Methyl CH3
Methionine 
MTHFS 
SAM-e
Homocysteine
SARM1  

SARM1 activity is influenced by factors like homocysteine levels and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). 

Increased homocysteine levels, often due to MTHFR mutations, can affect SARM1 activity and potentially lead to neurodegenerative processes.SAM, which is produced from methionine, is an important methyl donor that can influence SARM1 activity and nerve cell health.

SARM1, homocysteine, and MTHFR are interconnected in a complex metabolic pathway that plays a role in various physiological processes, including nerve health and methylation reactions. 

MTHFR is an enzyme that regulates homocysteine levels, and mutations in the MTHFR gene can lead to elevated homocysteine, which in turn can affect SARM1 activity and downstream cellular processes.

..

The most common side effects experienced by people who overdose on bromelain are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, palpitation, indigestion, loss of appetite, headache, muscle pain, dizziness, drowsiness, and lethargy.

What are the symptoms of b12 overload?

(similar to overdose symptoms of: Magnesium, Bromelain, Nicotinamide Riboside)

High doses of vitamin B-12, such as those used to treat a deficiency, might cause:

Headache.

Nausea and vomiting.

Diarrhea.

Fatigue or weakness.

Tingling sensation in hands and feet.

![1280px-201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body-01.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmcPuRTqG9rzp9x9j4r721SLrfU5LfAWPnVApQ7VXB8p1i/1280px-201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body-01.jpg)

Biometals
Metalloprotein 
Metalloenzyme 
Ion Homeostasis 
Glycosylation
Metal Glycosylation
Metalloglycobiology

Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) 

Biometal (biology)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal_(biology)

Metalloglycobiology: The power of metals in regulating glycosylation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416523001101 

Hensen's Cell
Schwann Cell
Sulfatide
Sulfoglycosphingolipid
Lipidprotein
Sphingomyelin
Glycosphingolipid

Sulfatides are glycolipids found in serum lipoproteins, they are also a major lipid component of myelin, the lipid coating around neuronal axons.

Sulfatides, also known as sulfated galactocerebrosides, are a class of sulfolipids with a sulfate group attached to a carbohydrate. They are not only found in the nervous system but also in serum lipoproteins. 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hensen%27s_cell

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwann_cell

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatide

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx

..

Indole Alkaloid
Conolidine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole_alkaloid

..

Cortisol 
Pregnane
Glucocorticoid 
Galactosylceramide
Ceramide
Adrenal
Tryptophan
Indole Rings
Microtubule 
Glycocalyx

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilia%E2%80%93myalgia_syndrome

..

On the emergence of P-Loop NTPase and Rossmann enzymes from a Beta-Alpha-Beta ancestral fragment

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7758060/

Microtubules play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of myelin sheaths, particularly in oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for myelin production in the central nervous system. These microtubules are essential for the extension of oligodendrocyte processes and the deposition of myelin. Specifically, Golgi outposts, specialized structures in oligodendrocytes, nucleate microtubules and are crucial for myelin sheath elongation. 

Microtubules are essential for maintaining the shape and structure of oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for wrapping axons in myelin. They act as "cellular highways" for transporting proteins and other materials necessary for myelin formation.

Galactocerebroside (GalC), also known as galactosylceramide, is a type of cerebroside that is a major component of myelin in the nervous system. It's a glycolipid, meaning it's a lipid with a sugar molecule attached. GalC is synthesized from ceramide and UDP-galactose and is primarily found in neuronal cell membranes.

The glycocalyx, a layer lining the luminal surface of endothelial cells in blood vessels, contains sulfatides as one of its components. Sulfatides are a type of glycolipid that contributes to the overall structure and function of the glycocalyx.

Glycocalyx, sulfatide, ceramide, and myelin are all interconnected within the nervous system, with sulfatide and ceramide being key components of myelin and glycocalyx playing a role in the integrity of myelin. 

Sulfatide, a sulfated form of a galactosylceramide, is a major lipid component of myelin, which acts as an insulating sheath around nerve fibers. Ceramide is a lipid that serves as a building block for sulfatide and other myelin lipids. Glycocalyx, a layer of carbohydrates and proteins on cell surfaces, can interact with and influence myelin integrity.

..

Niacin
Microtubules

Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, can disrupt microtubules, which are part of the cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that helps maintain cell shape and supports intracellular transport. 

Specifically, high concentrations of nicotinic acid can lead to the disassembly of microtubules, potentially affecting processes that rely on this cytoskeletal structure. 

High concentrations of niacin can disassemble the microtubule cytoskeleton and degrade β-tubulin in cells.

β-tubulin has a specific chemical structure, characterized by its ability to bind guanine nucleotides (GTP).

Protofilaments associate laterally to form a hollow tube, with 13 protofilaments being the most common arrangement. 

β-tubulin, a subunit of microtubules, exhibits a complex chemical structure involving multiple secondary structural elements and crucial nitrogen-containing residues for its function. 

N-terminal domain: This region forms a Rossmann fold and binds the nucleotide (GTP/GDP). 

Some studies suggest that nicotinic acid's effects on microtubules may be related to changes in intracellular calcium levels. 

JPT2, or Jupiter Microtubule Associated Homolog 2, is an NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) binding protein that is involved in NAADP-mediated Ca2+ release. NAADP is a signaling molecule that can trigger Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, and JPT2 is a protein that helps to facilitate this process.

T Cell Lymphocyte 
Cytotoxic T Cells 
Cytotoxic Proteins 
Perforin 
Granzymes
Mannose

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforin-1

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granzyme_B

..

Galactocerebroside (GalC)
Glucocerebroside 
Glucocerebrosidase

Glucocerebrosidase is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity that cleaves by hydrolysis the β-glycosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells). It is localized in the lysosome, where it remains associated with the lysosomal membrane.

Domain I forms a three-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet. This domain contains two disulfide bridges that are necessary for correct folding.

In Gaucher's disease, the enzyme glucocerebrosidase is nonfunctional and cannot break down glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide in the lysosome. Affected macrophages, called Gaucher cells, have a distinct appearance similar to "wrinkled tissue paper" under light microscopy, because the substrates build-up within the lysosome.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebroside

..

Sulfatide
Lysosulfatide 
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD)
Arylsulfatase A (ARSA)

..

Coenzyme Q 
CoQ10 
Ubiquinone
Quinone 
Benzoquinone

Electron Donor refers to a molecule or substance that donates electrons to another molecule, effectively reducing its oxidation state.

Antioxidants act as electron donors, donating electrons to free radicals (a type of ROS) to neutralize them.

Examples of electron donors include Triarylamines, Nitrogen & Carbon Ring (Benzene, Phenol).

In cellular respiration, glucose acts as an electron donor, donating electrons to electron carriers like NADH. 

These electrons are then used to generate energy in the form of ATP.

Opposite Roles of Co-enzyme Q10 and Formaldehyde in Neurodegenerative Diseases

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10624093/

..

nate electrons to other substances, typically in redox reactions. In biological systems, glucose is an example of an electron donor, donating electrons to electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 during cellular respiration. Quinones (like ubiquinone or CoQ) are also electron donors, playing a key role in the electron transport chain.

Quinones can be synthesized through various methods, including chemical oxidation of phenols, hydroquinones.

key synthesis methods:

1. Chemical Oxidation:

Phenols:

Phenols can be oxidized to quinones using various oxidizing agents, including sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid.

..

Oil
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Coenzyme A (CoA) 
Butyryl-CoA

Glycine 
Glutamine 
Taurine 
Butyrate

Sulfide Quinone Oxidoreductase (SQR) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in sulfide homeostasis and metabolism in various organisms. It catalyzes the oxidation of sulfide (S2- or HS-) to zero-valent sulfur. 

Cofactor Binding: SQR utilizes a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, which is noncovalently bound to the enzyme during or after synthesis.

Nitrogen is a fundamental element in amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, including SQR. Therefore, adequate nitrogen is necessary for the overall synthesis of SQR protein. 

SQR is a flavoprotein, meaning it requires FAD as a cofactor for its function. FAD is derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2).

Riboflavin, through its conversion to FAD, acts as a critical cofactor for SQR, enabling the enzyme to perform its vital functions in sulfide metabolism. While riboflavin is required for the conversion of hydrogen sulfide to sulfite via SQOR, it also plays a role in managing sulfite levels through its involvement with other enzymes like glutathione reductase.

Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) is a membrane-bound flavoprotein enzyme that plays a crucial role in sulfide metabolism. It catalyzes the oxidation of sulfide (H₂S) to elemental sulfur, a process involved in sulfide detoxification, energy generation by contributing electrons to electron transport chains, and sulfide homeostasis.

Sulfate is the final oxidation product of sulfur metabolism. Riboflavin involvement in the conversion of sulfite to sulfate, riboflavin's role in optimizing the earlier steps of the sulfur cycle indirectly affects the overall balance of sulfur compounds. 

Flavoproteins have either FMN (flavin mononucleotide) or FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), both having Nitrogen.

..

A Catalytic Trisulfide in Human Sulfide Quinone Oxidoreductase Catalyzes Coenzyme A Persulfide Synthesis and Inhibits Butyrate Oxidation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451945619303150

MCT
Medium Chain Triglyceride
Fractionated Oil
Fractionation
Deacidification
Lipase Esterification
C8 C10

The synthesis of MCTs involves the combination of MCFAs and glycerol, often with the help of catalysts, to create the desired triglyceride structure. This process can be achieved through esterification or acidolysis reactions.

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters:

MCTs are often produced from fatty acid methyl esters, which are extracted from sources like coconut or palm kernel oil. 

Catalysis:

This reaction can be catalyzed by enzymes (like lipases) or chemical catalysts, such as acid catalysts or metal catalysts. 

Acidolysis:

Alternatively, MCTs can be synthesized through acidolysis, where MCFAs are exchanged with fatty acids present in long-chain triglycerides. This process is often facilitated by a chemical catalyst like sulfuric acid. 

Temperature and Pressure:

Esterification reactions can be conducted at various temperatures and pressures, ranging from 170°C/40 kPa to 140-160°C.

..

Caprylic acid, also known as octanoic acid, is synthesized through the oxidation of its corresponding aldehyde, octanal. This process transforms the aldehyde group (CHO) into a carboxylic acid group (COOH). 

Oxidation:

In the case of caprylic acid, the C8 aldehyde is octanal, which has the structural formula CH3(CH2)6CHO. 

Process:

The oxidation reaction involves the addition of an oxygen atom to the aldehyde group, converting it into a carboxylic acid group. 

Result:

This oxidation produces caprylic acid, CH3(CH2)6COOH. 

Oxidants:

Various oxidizing agents can be used, including hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, and other reagents.

reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an electron recipient (called the oxidizing agent.

Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, the alkali metals, formic acid, oxalic acid, and sulfite compounds.

Citric acid is known for its ability to reduce metal ions, like gold and silver, which is crucial for the formation of nanoparticles. 

citric acid and its salts are valuable tools in nanoparticle synthesis, acting as both reducing agents and stabilizers, influencing the size, shape, and stability of the resulting nanoparticles.

..

Fractionated coconut oil and MCT (medium-chain triglyceride) oil are essentially the same thing; they are both derived from coconut oil and contain a high concentration of MCTs. 

The key difference is that MCT oil is a specific, concentrated version of MCTs, while fractionated coconut oil is a broader term that can refer to oils with varying MCT compositions.

..

Le Chatelier's Principle:

This principle helps understand how changes in temperature, like heating, can shift the equilibrium of reactions involving pH. 

Common Ion Effect:

Adding a salt containing a common ion to a solution of a weak acid or base will suppress the dissociation of the weak acid or base, shifting the equilibrium and affecting the pH. This is a direct application of Le Châtelier's principle, where the addition of the common ion is the disturbance. 

How pH Changes Shift Equilibrium:

Adding Acid 
Decreasing pH:

Increases H+ concentration

The equilibrium will shift to the left (towards reactants) to consume the excess H+ ions.

Adding Base 
Increasing pH:

Decreases H+ concentration 
(increases OH- concentration).

The equilibrium will shift to the right (towards products) to produce more H+ ions and partially offset the reduction in H+.

MCTs and DHT
Potential DHT Blocking: Some research, primarily in test-tube and animal studies, suggests that MCTs, particularly lauric acid, may inhibit the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, which converts testosterone to DHT.

DHT Synthesis: DHT was initially synthesized by hydrogenating testosterone.

..

Why no pH for vegetable oil?

Vegetable oil is primarily composed of lipids (fats) and does not contain water in a way that would allow for a meaningful pH measurement. 

Measuring Acidity in Oil:

Instead of pH, the acidity of vegetable oil can be measured by its acid value (AV), which reflects the amount of free fatty acids present. This is often determined by a process called titration, where a solution of known acidity is added to the oil until the oil's acidity is neutralized. 

Importance of Acidity:

The acidity of vegetable oil is an indicator of its quality, as it can increase with time and storage conditions due to the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids. For example, virgin olive oils have a relatively low acidity, typically below 2%.

..

Glycerol/Glycerin:

This three-carbon alcohol molecule is the backbone structure of all triglycerides. 

Glycerin and glycerol are the same molecule (1,2,3-propanetriol), and they form the backbone of triglycerides. 

Triglycerides:

These are lipids (fats) composed of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains. 

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are a specific type of triglyceride where the fatty acid chains are medium in length (6 to 12 carbon atoms).

![Schematic_2.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmYFbKCs3VAKJGJuM3WrzPceEmRupcZLKXvUh9UhFubrn6/Schematic_2.jpg)
OSF3 Niosomes 

Ketogenesis
Ketone Bodies
Acetate 
Citrate 
Mitochondria
Acetoacetate

ketones produced from omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cognitive deterioration in old age.

Ketoacidosis is known to occur in untreated type I diabetes (see diabetic ketoacidosis) and in alcoholics after prolonged binge-drinking without intake of sufficient carbohydrates (see alcoholic ketoacidosis).

..


Emulsify 
Emulsification 
Surfactant 
Fats 
Oil 
Water 
Salts 
Broth 

Emulsification in cooking refers to mixing oil and water-based liquids like broth, where the oil is dispersed into tiny droplets within the water, forming a stable mixture. 

Broth:

In broth-based dishes, the fat released during cooking can emulsify with the water, creating a creamy or opaque texture. 

Salt's Role:

While salt doesn't directly emulsify, it can influence the stability of an emulsion by affecting the interactions between the oil and water phases. 

..

Honey
Olive Oil
Lemon

Squeeze 3-4 lemons and place the juice in a glass jar. Add the honey and the olive oil, and with a wooden spoon mix the ingredients until a smooth blend is obtained. Keep the remedy in the fridge with a lid on the jar.

Pour the oil into a small saucepan and gently heat. Add the honey and slowly stir until the honey and oil are combined. Leave to cool, after which it will thicken. Give it a good whisk to transform it into a thick satiny syrup.

Caramelization of glucose, a chemical process involving sugar breakdown under heat, can impact polyphenol synthesis. This interaction is complex, with studies showing both enhancement and reduction of polyphenol-related reactions.

..

Olive Oil
Olive Leaf
Oleuropein 
Oleocanthal

monounsaturated fatty acids MUFA triglyceride glycerol

polyphenol phenol phenylethanoid phenethyl alcohol benzene secoiridoid glycoside hydroxytyrosol elenolic acid glucose glycolipid glucoside

..

Phenolic Compounds in Honey and Their Relationship with Antioxidant Activity, Botanical Origin, and Color

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8614671/

..

Peroxiredoxin, a family of enzymes, relies on a key cysteine residue within its active site for its catalytic activity. This cysteine, often referred to as the "peroxidatic cysteine," is crucial for reducing peroxides like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The active site cysteine undergoes oxidation by H2O2, forming a sulfenic acid, which is then recycled back to the thiol form, distinguishing the three enzyme classes.

Neutralization of Trace Metals:

During the refining of edible oils, citric acid can be added to neutralize trace metals that can catalyze oxidation reactions. 

How Citric Acid and Citrus Essential Oils Combat Lipid Oxidation:

Citric Acid:

Citric acid, found in many citrus fruits, is a natural antioxidant that can scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid oxidation. It can also enhance the nutritional value of the oil.

Antioxidants:

Antioxidants are reducing agents that play a crucial role in preventing oxidation reactions, especially by neutralizing free radicals. In a redox reaction, antioxidants donate electrons to unstable free radicals, stabilizing them and preventing damage to other molecules. This process makes the antioxidant itself the reducing agent, as it is oxidized by donating electrons.

..

Trihydroxy 
Benzoic Acid 
Alpha-Glucoside 
Diglucosyl 
Gallic Acid 
Syringic Acid 
Quercitannic Acid 
Tannin

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringic_acid

..

Caramelized Glucose 

Glucose caramelization products (GCPs), can undergo polyphenol synthesis under specific conditions. 

Caramelization can lead to the formation of compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity, often similar to that of polyphenols. 

Caramelization products, especially those formed in the presence of amino compounds, can exhibit antioxidant activity, polyphenols and reductones as key components in these products. 

While true polyphenols are not necessarily formed directly during caramelization, the resulting compounds often have similar properties to polyphenols, such as radical scavenging activity and antioxidant capacity against lipid oxidation.

Reductones are reducing agents (antioxidants). Some are fairly strong acids. 

Examples of reductones are glucic acid, reductic acid and ascorbic acid. 

Glucic acid is an acid produced by the action of acids on cane-sugar or of alkalis on glucose.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductone 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolic_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucic_acid

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloroglucinol

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide

..

N-Acetyl Cysteine and Catechin-Derived Polyphenols: A Path Toward Multi-Target Compounds Against Alzheimer's Disease

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/JAD-200067?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

Results: We found that EPIC-PYR, CAT-PYR, and CAT-PhG inhibit human tau aggregation and significantly increase neuritogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, modification with a phloroglucinol group yielded the most potent molecule of those evaluated, suggesting that the phloroglucinol group may enhance neuroprotective activity of the catechin-derived compounds. Also, as observed with cathechins, NAC promotes neuritogenesis and inhibits tau self-aggregation, possibly through a different pathway.

..

Potent Thrombolytic Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Arterial Thrombi

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.117.027290

Impact on Von Willebrand Factor (VWF): Research suggests NAC can affect VWF, a protein involved in platelet aggregation and blood clot formation. By reducing VWF's ability to bind platelets, NAC may help prevent clots. 

A Heterocycle is a cyclic compound (ring structure) where some of the atoms in the ring are not carbon. Combining NAC with polyphenols to form heterocycles can potentially enhance their individual benefits by creating new molecules with unique properties.

Some studies suggest that glycolic acid can enhance the antioxidant activity of certain polyphenols, potentially improving their effectiveness when combined in skincare formulations. 

Vitamin E and melatonin have been shown to have a synergistic effect with glycolic acid, potentially improving their antioxidant activity and protection against liposome peroxidation. 

Salicylic acid is a colorless (or white), bitter-tasting solid, it is a precursor to and a metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

..

has to be broken up almost at the atomic level, the Reducing Agents do one thing, but its also the Benzene Rings of the Polyphenol that seem to act as atomistic fish hooks & Reducing Agents the bait to the radical misfolding.

and somehow the Sulfur gets the fish hooks into the deep waters.

..

Strong acids induce amyloid fibril formation of β2-microglobulin via an anion-binding mechanism

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8564678/

anions in promoting fibril formation of amyloid protein

..

Oxidative 
Strong Acids
Anion

Hydrochloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid

vs

Antioxidant
Cations 
Cation-π 
Polyphenol 

Cation-π interactions are noncovalent attractive forces between a positively charged entity (cation) and the π-electron cloud of an aromatic ring. In the context of cation-π interactions and chloride, the interaction between a cation (e.g., Na+, K+) and a chloride ion (Cl-) is driven by the attraction of the positive charge of the cation to the negative charge of the chloride ion.

Cation-π interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction between a cation and a π system (a system of shared electrons, often found in aromatic molecules). 

Antioxidants often interact with metal ions (cations) in their mechanisms, for example, some antioxidants can bind to metal ions and prevent them from participating in free radical reactions.

Cations are positively charged ions, such as Na+, K+, and Mg2+.

Na+, K+, and Mg2+ salts are compounds containing sodium, potassium, and magnesium ions, respectively, paired with a counterion (like chloride, sulfate, etc.) to form a neutral compound.

Cation-π interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction where a positively charged cation (like an alkali metal ion or an organic cation) interacts with the π-electron cloud of an aromatic ring. 

π-electron cloud:

Aromatic rings, like benzene, have delocalized electrons that form a cloud above and below the ring, which can interact with other molecules. 

In biological systems:

Cation-π interactions play a role in protein folding, channel blocking, and biomolecular condensates. 

Chloride ion (Cl-):

A negatively charged ion, it's one of the main anions in body fluids and plays a role in maintaining electrolytic balance and nerve function. 

..

Cation Metals +
Chloride Acids -

Sodium Chloride (NaCl, common table salt).

Potassium Chloride (KCl). 

Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)

..

Weak & Strong Acids
vs
Soft & Hard Acids

..

Cation–π Interaction
Origin of the effect

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation%E2%80%93%CF%80_interaction

Benzene, the model π system, has no permanent dipole moment, as the contributions of the weakly polar carbon–hydrogen bonds cancel due to molecular symmetry. However, the electron-rich π system above and below the benzene ring hosts a partial negative charge. A counterbalancing positive charge is associated with the plane of the benzene atoms, resulting in an electric quadrupole (a pair of dipoles, aligned like a parallelogram so there is no net molecular dipole moment). The negatively charged region of the quadrupole can then interact favorably with positively charged species; a particularly strong effect is observed with cations of high charge density.

..

Progressive fuzzy cation-π assembly of biological catecholamines

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aat7457

Tannic acid- and N-acetylcysteine-chitosan-modified magnetic nanoparticles reduce hepatic oxidative stress in

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927776524000493

Brain Metabolism

Folate / Cobalamin
Methylfolate 
Methylcobalamin 
Acetylcysteine
Cysteine


Methyl
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 

Alcohol
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
8-OHdG 
MTHFR
Urea

Folate 
Methylfolate
(5-MTHF) 

Tannic Acid 
N-Acetylcysteine 
Chitosan

The body needs adequate amounts of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 to produce cysteine.

Folate derived from the Latin word “folium,” which means leaf. Leafy vegetables are among the best dietary sources of folate.

The active form of vitamin B9 is a type of folate known as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) Before entering your bloodstream, your digestive system converts folate to the biologically active form of vitamin B9 ⁠5-MTHF.

Folate:

This is the natural form of vitamin B9 found in foods like leafy greens and citrus fruits. 

Methylfolate:

This is the active, biologically available form of folate that the body uses. It's also known as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) or L-methylfolate. 

Folic Acid:

This is a synthetic form of folate, often found in supplements and fortified foods.

..

Folate
vs 
Folic Acid

Methylcobalamin 
vs 
Cyanocobalamin

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/methylcobalamin-vs-cyanocobalamin

..

Inductive Effect:

The carbon-hydrogen bonds in a methyl group are slightly polarized, with the electrons being pulled towards the more electronegative carbon atom. This creates a partial negative charge on the carbon, which then pushes electron density towards the atom or group it's attached to. 

Hyperconjugation:

In some cases, especially when there's an adjacent pi system (like in an aromatic ring), hyperconjugation can also contribute to the electron-donating effect. Hyperconjugation involves the interaction of the sigma bonds in the methyl group with the pi system, leading to a more stable and electron-rich environment. 
 
Electron-Donating Character:

This electron-donating behavior can be observed in various reactions, including electrophilic aromatic substitution where methyl groups often direct incoming electrophiles to the para and ortho positions (the most stable positions due to the increased electron density). 

In the brain, glucose metabolism and cation transport are tightly linked and essential for neuronal function. Glucose, the brain's primary fuel, is transported across the blood-brain barrier and into cells via specific glucose transporters (GLUTs). Cation transport, particularly of sodium and potassium, is vital for maintaining membrane potential and action potentials in neurons. 

Glucose metabolism relies on a complex interplay of facilitated diffusion and active transport mechanisms, including the role of cations. 

Diseases like Alzheimer's and Huntington's are associated with abnormalities in glucose metabolism and cation transport, affecting neuronal function and leading to cognitive and behavioral deficits.

..

Ethanol metabolism: The good, the bad, and the ugly

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720300797

..

Folate
Precursors 
Biosynthesis 

The main precursors for folate biosynthesis are GTP, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and glutamate.

GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate):

This nucleoside triphosphate provides the building blocks for the pterin portion of the folate molecule.

PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid):

This molecule is crucial for the formation of the pteroyl component of folate.

Glutamate:

This amino acid is incorporated into the folate structure and is essential for its biological activity.

..

Toxic

Trans Fat
Elaidic Acid 
Saturated
CETP
Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein

Vitamins like B12, and supplements, like carnitine, can play a role in lipid metabolism and energy production, potentially impacting how the body processes fats, including trans fats. 

Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Carinatine plays a role in transporting long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production.

..

Monoterpenes (Phenol)
Polyphenol

Volatility: Monoterpenes are generally volatile, while polyphenols are not. 

Examples:

Monoterpenes: Limonene (citrus fruits), menthol, eucalyptol. 

Polyphenols: Flavonoids (found in fruits and vegetables), anthocyanins (responsible for red and purple colors in plants).

Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) has a different molecular structure compared to citric acid (C6H8O7).

Astaxanthin

A Xanthophyll Carotenoid found in marine organisms, with studies showing it can be 6,000 times more potent than vitamin C and 550 times more potent than vitamin E. 

High ORAC Value:

Astaxanthin has a very high Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) value, indicating its strong antioxidant ability to fight free radicals. 

Carotenoids:

Carotenoids are a group of naturally occurring pigments found in plants and animals, responsible for various colors, including yellow, orange, and red. 

Xanthophylls:

Xanthophylls are a specific subgroup of carotenoids that contain oxygen in their chemical structure. They are often associated with yellow and orange pigments. 

Astaxanthin's Unique 
Characteristics:

Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid with both hydroxyl and ketone functional groups.

..

Nitrogen Balance

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_balance

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_radical_absorbance_capacity

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antioxidants_in_food

..

Footprints of a Singular 22-Nucleotide RNA Ring at the Origin of Life

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7285048/

Scientists uncover a multibillion-year epic written into the chemistry of life

https://phys.org/news/2024-05-scientists-uncover-multibillion-year-epic.html

..

Acetylcysteinamide
C5H10N2O2S
C5H9NO3S
Acetylcysteine

Taurine 
Sulfoxide
Sulfonyl 
Methane 
Dimethyl  
Methyl
Methylene (Blue) 
Carotenoid (Red)

![Screenshot_20250608-124300_Samsung Internet_1.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmRjbXT1bL99PZ2bHEsJw2ayg344L3Tu1ZFQ6RLiiT3JxL/Screenshot_20250608-124300_Samsung%20Internet_1.jpg)

MSM

![imgsrv-50.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmfP8RwfoCbDQk3dqWzgqXWCT4bQvpFcWVVpbGc6RUtQBx/imgsrv-50.png)
DMSO

![imgsrv-51.png](https://images.hive.blog/DQmQedQWtYmHAvgmuMLQLiNqLyzhED8G8fWNEegGpwVnE2L/imgsrv-51.png)
Taurine

Hydrogen Bond Donors and Acceptors:

Hydrogen Bond Donors: 

Molecules or groups that provide a polarized hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom, typically nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. 

Hydrogen Bond Acceptors: 

Electronegative atoms with lone pairs of electrons that can interact with the hydrogen bond donor.

Role: 

Crucial for the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins and DNA, as well as the properties of water. 

Methyl Donors and Acceptors:

Methyl Donors: Compounds that can donate a methyl group (-CH3) to another compound, often in enzyme-catalyzed reactions called methylation.

Examples: 

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), methanol, and certain forms of tetrahydrofolate.

Role: 

Essential for biological processes like gene regulation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and detoxification.

Antioxidants and Reducing Agents:

Antioxidant Function: 

Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms, thus protecting cells from damage.

Mechanisms: 

Antioxidants can act through various mechanisms, including:

Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT): 

Directly donating a hydrogen atom to a free radical.

Single Electron Transfer (SET): 

Donating an electron to a free radical.

Antioxidants, often reducing agents, work through two main mechanisms: Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) and Single Electron Transfer (SET). HAT involves the antioxidant donating a hydrogen atom to a free radical, while SET involves the antioxidant donating a single electron. These mechanisms neutralize free radicals, which are harmful to cells. 

Antioxidants may play a protective role against prion diseases by reducing oxidative stress, which can contribute to the misfolding of the prion protein. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of neurodegeneration, and in prion diseases, it is linked to the conversion of normal prion protein (PrPC) to the misfolded, infectious form (PrPSc).

..

Antioxidants and Methemoglobin Reduction:

Antioxidants like glutathione and NADH have been shown to reduce methemoglobin levels in vitro. These antioxidants can donate electrons to the ferric iron in methemoglobin, reducing it back to the ferrous state and allowing it to bind oxygen again. 

Methylene Blue and Other Treatments:

Methylene blue is a commonly used treatment for methemoglobinemia, as it acts as an electron carrier to reduce methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. In addition to methylene blue, other treatments like ascorbic acid and riboflavin have also been used, along with N-acetylcysteine.

Methylene blue's dual solubility makes it a versatile compound with applications in various fields, including medicine and biology, where it's used as a dye and therapeutic agent. This lipid and water-soluble nature is key to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. 

NAC lipophilicity (oil/fat solubility):

NAC is described as a low lipophilic compound, limiting its ability to easily cross cell membranes.
Some derivatives of NAC, like NACET (N-acetylcysteine ethyl ester) and NACA (N-acetylcysteine amide), have been synthesized to improve lipophilicity and cell permeability.

Combining ethyl ester, glycerol, and amide suggests a molecule incorporating elements of these structures, likely with lipid-like characteristics. This combination could result in molecules that are soluble in lipids (lipid-soluble or lipophilic) due to the presence of fatty acid chains. Lipids are broadly defined as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, such as ether.

Methylene Blue
Thioninium
Thionine 
Taurine
Amine 
Amino
Phenothiazine 
Chloride (salt)
Acetate (Vinegar)

Thionine, also known as Lauth's violet, is the salt of a heterocyclic compound. A variety of salts are known including the chloride and acetate. The "ine" ending indicates that the compound is an amine.

Amines are organic compounds that contain carbon-nitrogen bonds. Amines are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.

The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of electrons. Amines can also exist as hetero cyclic compounds. 

Aniline (C6H5NH2) is the simplest aromatic amine, consisting of a benzene ring bonded to an amino (–NH2) group.

The breakdown of amino acids releases amines, famously in the case of decaying fish which smell of trimethylamine. 

Many neurotransmitters are amines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. 

Protonated amino groups (–NH+3) are the most common positively charged moieties in proteins, specifically in the amino acid lysine. 

The anionic polymer DNA is typically bound to various amine-rich proteins. The terminal charged primary ammonium on lysine forms salt bridges with carboxylate groups of other amino acids in polypeptides, which is one of the primary influences on the three-dimensional structures of proteins.

Taurine is synthesized from cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid. Cysteine is a building block of proteins and also plays a role in glutathione synthesis, an important antioxidant. While both are involved in sulfur metabolism and can be found in the body, taurine is not considered a proteinogenic amino acid and has unique physiological functions, including osmoregulation and antioxidant action. 

Role in nitrogen metabolism: Taurine is involved in various physiological processes, including nitrogen metabolism. Studies in animals have shown that supplementing with taurine can increase nitrogen retention and utilization efficiency.

MSM is primarily a sulfur-containing compound and its relevance to nitrogen lies more in its ability to support the synthesis of other molecules that contain nitrogen, such as amino acids like taurine. 

..

Methylene Blue
NAC

DMSO
Ethyl Ester
Glycerol 
Amide 
Ether 

Tryptophan
Serotonin Syndrome 

Water/Oil Soluble 
Amino Acids
Niacin
Nitrogen

Overdose Symptoms

..

Hydrogen Bonding with Fatty Acids: DMSO can form hydrogen bonds with fatty acids, particularly at the carboxylic acid group. 

No Protection Against Lipid Peroxidation in Some Cases: While DMSO can scavenge •OH, it may not always protect against lipid peroxidation in all systems. For instance, some studies suggest that DMSO might not decrease lipid hydroperoxide yield in concentrations where it scavenges •OH in competition with unsaturated fatty acids, possibly because the resulting methyl radicals (•CH3) can initiate lipid peroxidation if their abstraction of hydrogen from fatty acids is faster than other reactions. 

DMSO's Hydrogen Atom Transfer Potential: While DMSO is known as an aprotic solvent (generally not donating protons), density-functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that DMSO can participate in hydrogen atom transfer from alkoxyl radicals via proton-coupled electron transfer.

..

Glutamine synthesis involves the incorporation of nitrogen and carbon, with contributions from sugar metabolism. 

Sugar Metabolism: The process of glycolysis, which breaks down glucose, generates intermediates that can feed into glutamine synthesis. For example, glucose can contribute to the carbon skeleton of the precursors required.

glutamine synthesis connects nitrogen and carbon metabolism, allowing for the efficient utilization of these elements for various cellular functions, including biosynthesis and energy production.

Hydrogen Bonds in Proteins: Role and Strength

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003011.pub2

In Protein Structure: 

Hydrogen bonds contribute to the folding and stability of protein secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets.

..

Epinephrine

In Anaphylaxis: In individuals with a severe bee sting allergy (anaphylaxis), the venom triggers a strong immune response, leading to the release of various mediators, including histamine. Histamine, in turn, can activate NO production. This increased NO level can contribute to symptoms like hypotension and bronchospasm (tightening of airways).

Methylene Blue Treatment: Methylene blue is a drug that inhibits the effects of NO by acting as a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. It has been explored as a potential treatment for anaphylactic hypotension that doesn't respond to other interventions.

![Screenshot_20250607-132521_Samsung Internet.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmUkMscP4rNxQpGZ2zbh1fJBPW8Utu6NNS5RocaxhfuGgA/Screenshot_20250607-132521_Samsung%20Internet.jpg)

![Screenshot_20250607-132656_Samsung Internet.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmVawBY5HhQ53WTazE5pqsxnoKR3ZCLHcDnrmCt5YFkoMK/Screenshot_20250607-132656_Samsung%20Internet.jpg)

![Screenshot_20250607-132814_Samsung Internet.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmVLx981MM1XNb6ab8cZQ7owLk8RP4gBUDhRLCjFGfuwzr/Screenshot_20250607-132814_Samsung%20Internet.jpg)

![Screenshot_20250607-132851_Samsung Internet.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmNvTBfvqKkvTjAHzYqAqSoihzqpaCmh3VXYL4eApnq1ti/Screenshot_20250607-132851_Samsung%20Internet.jpg)


![Screenshot_20250609-074100_Samsung Internet.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmdds1Knvkin1vTny41YMdMNSqnmimoEhiFAEnN5Y2u6dt/Screenshot_20250609-074100_Samsung%20Internet.jpg)


![Screenshot_20250608-112522_Samsung Internet Beta.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmaVZ5W251x343g8BmGMcTMrHRuy9H3FVQLJqLZkQ65KdV/Screenshot_20250608-112522_Samsung%20Internet%20Beta.jpg)


![Screenshot_20250618-093924_Samsung Internet Beta.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmREYDsT9GKEVPjXd4Gn9QFyFez65uhSPgYZ5dQW8ftkxc/Screenshot_20250618-093924_Samsung%20Internet%20Beta.jpg)


![Screenshot_20250618-101214_Samsung Internet Beta.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmR2adHWzaoJAxKgMQ6v7G7AeGWdHeRe3UhjMg7Gp3wrWt/Screenshot_20250618-101214_Samsung%20Internet%20Beta.jpg)

Bee Venom 

arachidonic acid Superoxide Dismutase

arachidonic acid Superoxide Dismutase Sulphur

Melittin: This is the main peptide in bee venom. It's known for causing pain and tissue destruction through its effects on cell membranes, leading to pore formation and the release of inflammatory substances.

SOD (Superoxide Dismutase): This is an antioxidant enzyme found in bee venom, among other places. Its role is to help protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules like superoxide radicals. SOD does this by converting superoxide into hydrogen peroxide.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): This is an enzyme that hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids, releasing arachidonic acid, a precursor to inflammatory mediators. Melittin is known to stimulate the activity of PLA2, possibly through changes in membrane structure. 

Melittin is not an enzyme, and SOD (Superoxide Dismutase)

melittin doesn't directly hydrolyze arachidonic acid, but it does interact with and enhance the activity of PLA2, which is the enzyme responsible for this hydrolysis.

..

How Sulfur Works Against Fleas:

Disrupts energy production: Sulfur interferes with the fleas' ability to produce energy when they come into contact with it or ingest it.

MSM and Fleas: Potential mechanism: One theory is that increasing sulfur levels in the body by supplementing with MSM may help deter fleas. Sulfur is an essential component for healthy skin and coat, supporting the growth of collagen, which forms a protective layer. This process, in addition to MSM's anti-inflammatory properties, could contribute to a healthier skin environment that is less attractive to fleas.

MSM might be effective in treating parasitic infections in animals and humans.

MSM and Parasitic Infections: Some research suggests that MSM might be effective in treating parasitic infections in animals and humans.

MSM and Flea Control: There is a patent regarding the use of sulfur in homeopathic agents and nutritional supplements for prophylaxis against infestations of ticks and fleas in humans and animals, potentially as an additive in animal food.Some sources suggest that feeding pets a sulfur supplement, like MSM, might help protect them from fleas and ticks. It's believed that fleas and ticks avoid hosts with sufficient sulfur levels in their blood.

One product description for a pet supplement specifically mentions using MSM for flea protection.

Taurine
Sulfoxide
Sulfonyl
Methane
Dimethyl
Methyl
Methylene (Blue)
Carotenoid (Red)

Methylene Blue
Thioninium
Thionine
Taurine
Amine
Amino
Phenol
Thiazine
Phenothiazine

A triglyceride is formed when three fatty acid molecules are attached to a glycerol molecule. Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH3).

..

Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5372953/

MSM has long been thought of as a sulfur donor for sulfur containing compounds such as methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, taurine.

..

Polyphosphate and Fibrin Structure:

Polyphosphate, a chain of phosphate molecules, significantly affects fibrin clot structure.It enhances the structure of fibrin clots, making them more resistant to breakdown.

Polyphosphate released from activated platelets or microorganisms may modulate fibrin clot structure and increase its resistance to breakdown (fibrinolysis).

Plasmin, an enzyme involved in fibrinolysis, is essential for clearing fibrin from the fracture site.

Fibrinogen, the precursor of fibrin, can be phosphorylated, impacting its clotting and fibrinolytic properties.  

Phosphorylation affects fibrin fiber thickness and how fibrinogen interacts with plasmin.

Fibrin can bind calcium phosphate and potentially promote mineralization. 

Fibrin deposition, particularly in the absence of adequate plasmin activity, can contribute to heterotopic ossification (abnormal bone formation in soft tissues).

Plasmin, a key enzyme in fibrinolysis (the breakdown of blood clots), is a protein molecule and, as such, contains nitrogen atoms as part of its amino acid structure.

Plasmin's structure is held together by disulfide bonds, which are formed between sulfur atoms in cysteine residues within the protein.

Plasminogen (precursor to plasmin) contains 24 disulfide bridges.

Plasmin is a two-chain molecule formed from plasminogen activation, and the two chains are linked by disulfide bonds.

The kringle domains within plasmin, crucial for its function, are characterized by a central cluster of four cysteine residues involved in forming two inner disulfide bridges.

Nitrogen atoms are integral to the amino acid building blocks, while the disulfide bonds (involving sulfur atoms) play a critical role in maintaining the correct three-dimensional structure of plasmin, which is essential for its function in fibrinolysis.

Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids: How the Body Copes with Excess Methionine, Cysteine, and Sulfide

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622024233

..

the DMSO & Castor are doing good things.

made it too hot & drank it, so dont ever do that.

it good for topical, and only (1) "ONE" drop for drinking, otherwise gunpowder butt.

Sulfur needs to have a Nitrogen Donor to keep up with Redox & Metabolism, otherwise becomes imbalanced.

too much Sulfur will be an issue, need to equal Nitrogen much more.

meaning its not the DMSO that is a cure, but it allows the Oil into good cholesterol, into natrual Steroids.

seems to convert excess Nitrogen for fuel, but too much Sulfur can slow down metabolism.

more Nitrogen & less Sulfur

3 Nitrogen
1 Sulfur

good source of Nitrogen Donor is

Glycine
Glutamine 

combined with 

MSM (Sulfur)
Oil (Hydrogen)

drinking it is dangerous, it will quickly upset your entire body.

the only antidote is Citric & Peroxide.

Citric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Peroxy-Citric Acid

Sulfur & Oil make natrual Cholesterol, but too much gums-up mitochondria to slow down. 

Antioxidant 
Reducing Agent

vs

Reductive Stress 
Antioxidative Stress

..

Antioxidizing Agent
[Cold Shock Protection]

Hydrogen
Sulfur

Carbon

Oxygen
Nitrogen

[Heat Shock Protection]
Oxidizing Agents

..

im more convinced, that while the Sulfur is of critical importance for triglyceride & carbohydrate metabolism, it needs a higher raito of Nitrogen to make it work correctly.

so by adding a simple Nitrogen Donor amino acid like Glycine should help make the B1 work more efficiently.

any Sulfur intake needs 3 times the Nitrogen, thats why people notice B1 helps for a few months thennstips working  because the Nitrogen raito is too little.

..

Taurine and Glycine: The Benefits of Combining These Two Amino Acids

https://www.casi.org/taurine-and-glycine-benefits-combining-amino-acids

Taurine and glycine are amino acids with roles in lipid metabolism. Taurine is known for its involvement in bile acid synthesis and its ability to lower plasma and liver triglyceride levels, potentially by influencing lipid absorption and breakdown. Glycine, also an amino acid, has been shown to reduce plasma and liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations.

..

using a lot of the DMSO & Castor is its very powerful antioxidant & antiparasitic.

but if taken too much turns the skin bright red, via Mast Cell Activation, the immune system goes red alert.

the only way to reverse this is Citrus or Hydrogen Peroxide to donate an Oxygen molecule & Glycine or Betaine to donate an Nitrogen molecule.

then the immune system calms down.

Antioxidant
Reducing Agents 
Reductive Stress 

Oxidizing
Oxidative Stress 
Oxidizing Agents

Reductive stress and oxidative stress are both forms of redox imbalance, but they represent opposite ends of the spectrum. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other oxidants, while reductive stress involves an excess of reducing agents like glutathione and NADPH. Both conditions can disrupt cellular function and contribute to various diseases. 

Thiol Antioxidants:

Thiol antioxidants, like dithiothreitol (DTT), can modulate the methionine-homocysteine cycle and influence the hypoxia response pathway in the context of thiol stress. 

Interplay:

Compensatory Mechanisms:

Under oxidative stress, the body may attempt to counteract the damage by activating antioxidant pathways, such as the transsulfuration pathway, which consumes homocysteine to produce glutathione.

Folate Deficiency:

Folate deficiency can lead to elevated homocysteine levels and increased oxidative stress, highlighting the importance of adequate folate intake. 

Clinical Significance:

Cardiovascular Disease:

Elevated homocysteine levels (hyperhomocysteinemia) are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including stroke and myocardial infarction. 

Neurodegenerative Diseases:

Hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. 

Psychiatric Disorders:

High homocysteine levels may also be linked to psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia.

..

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), though commonly used as a solvent and cryoprotectant, can also influence oxidative and reductive stress. 

Low concentrations of DMSO can act as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS).Higher concentrations of DMSO can induce oxidative stress, increasing ROS production and potentially leading to cellular damage. 

A dose-dependent effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on lipid content, cell viability and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6197677/

Ropeworm

Newly Discovered Rope Worm Infections: First Case Report in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=113886

is this new uncategorized worm actually spike protein amyloidosis effecting gut microbe microbiome, makeing rope like blood clots?

taurine glycine gaba serotonin glutamate

Maternal taurine as a modulator of Cl– homeostasis as well as of glycine/GABAA receptors for neocortical development

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10435090/

https://youtu.be/2NLfaGfaBII?feature=shared

https://youtu.be/ohihlsM7iyA?feature=shared

Alanine
Glycine 
Glutamine
Glutamate

Excitotoxicity
NMDA Overactivation 
BMAA
B-Methylamino-L-Alanine 

Diaminobutyric Acid (DAB)
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB)

Methyl Group (CH3)
Methylation 
Oxidation

Cyanobacteria
Microalgae
Plant Root Symbiont

GABA
DHEA 
Pregnenolone
Butyrate Butter

..

The Truth About Magnesium Glycinate and Breakouts

https://sanahaus.co/blogs/sage/magnesium-glycinate-and-breakouts?srsltid=AfmBOoqGUw37LX-yNYnXbi5lkos0BhEabXELEMZaoaM5y5idOIxhIRJv

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/3/698

..

Butyrate oxidation is the process where butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, is metabolized by cells.

..

Microbial BMAA and the Pathway for Parkinson’s Disease Neurodegeneration

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7019015/

Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acid β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA): Bioactivity and Ecological Significance

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9414260/

Oxidation of cyanobacterial neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) with chlorine, permanganate, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135418304342

..

While BMAA itself is not a prion, it has been proposed that chronic exposure to BMAA might contribute to neurodegeneration by promoting protein misfolding and aggregation, a process resembling the prion-like mechanism observed in certain neurodegenerative diseases.

BMAA can be degraded through various oxidation methods, but the effectiveness can be influenced by factors like pH

..

Cyanobacteria
Microalgae
Plant Root Symbiont

it was first discovered in Guam, from algae root symbiont that infects the berries?

is this the origin Prion discoved New Guinea?

match up the symptoms of BMAA with Long Covid, Malaria & HIV? 

because if they put this microalgae in a mycoplasma &/or gut bacteria as a symbiont, it would behave exactly like what we are seeing.

Amino Sulfate 
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate (ALS) 

Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation: 

Surfactant
Protein Purification
Stabilizes Protein Structure 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate

Taurine

Protein Precipitation Using Ammonium Sulfate

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4817497/

Proteins are usually stored in ammonium sulfate because it inhibits bacterial growth. With the addition of ammonium sulfate, proteins unfolded by denaturants can be pushed into their native conformations. This can be seen with the folding of recombinant proteins.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate_precipitation

..

Taurine, a nutrient found in the body, plays a significant role in lipid metabolism. It helps regulate blood lipid levels, potentially by affecting the synthesis and breakdown of fats and cholesterol. 

It can affect the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in both the synthesis and breakdown of these substances.

Taurine can promote the formation of bile acids, which are important for fat digestion and absorption. 

Dietary taurine supplementation has been shown to reduce cholesterol and visceral fat.

The molecular targets of taurine confer anti-hyperlipidemic effects

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320521005658

Colestipol Hydrochloride 
Bile Acid Sequestrants

Betaine / Thiamine HCL
Hydrochloric Acid

Cholic Acid 
Chenodeoxycholic Acid 
 
Copper Peptide (GHK-Cu)
Methylene Blue

Carbonic Acid
Carbonic Anhydrase 
Chloride

Hypochlorhydria 
Achlorhydria 

if your stomach acids are not strong enough causes many complex problems.

GOOD

Bile
Taurine
Butyrate
Hydrochloride
Stomach Acid

BAD

NMDA Overactivation
BMAA
B-Methylamino-L-Alanine

Diaminobutyric Acid (DAB)

..

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Produced by the stomach lining.

Creates an acidic environment (low pH) in the stomach.

Activates pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins.

Kills bacteria and pathogens that enter the body with food.
 
Bile

Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

An alkaline fluid containing bile acids (also called bile salts), bilirubin, cholesterol, and other substances.

Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach when released into the small intestine.

Emulsifies fats, breaking them into smaller droplets to increase the surface area for lipase enzymes to act on them, facilitating digestion.

Aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

Helps eliminate waste products from the body, including bilirubin.

Has bactericidal activity against microorganisms. 

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach is produced using chloride ions, which the body gets from dietary sources like table salt (sodium chloride). 

When ingested, sodium chloride dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. The stomach lining cells then use these ions to produce HCl. 

Chloride is an essential electrolyte, and it's a key component of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach. 

Table salt (sodium chloride) is a primary source of chloride for the body. When we consume salt, it breaks down into sodium and chloride ions. 

Stomach Acid Production:

The parietal cells in the stomach lining use these chloride ions to produce HCl. These cells pump hydrogen ions (from carbonic acid) into the stomach, and chloride ions follow, creating HCl. 

Functions of HCl:

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is vital for protein digestion and helps protect the body against ingested pathogens.

..

Hydrogen ions are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid. Water is a very minor source of hydrogen ions in comparison to carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase.

The bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl−) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the venous blood, leading to an alkaline tide phenomenon.

Potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl−) ions diffuse into the canaliculi.

Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions, via the H+/K+ ATPase. These receptors are increased in number on luminal side by fusion of tubulovesicles during activation of parietal cells and removed during deactivation. This receptor maintains a million fold difference in proton concentration. ATP is provided by the numerous mitochondria.

..

Hydrogen Bonding in Peptide Structure:

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds:

Hydrogen bonds within a peptide chain (between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and the amide hydrogen of another) are critical for defining the secondary structures of peptides.

Hydrogen bonds contribute significantly to the overall stability of the peptide and its ability to fold into specific shapes. 

Peptides can use hydrogen bonds to bind to other molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metal ions, affecting their biological activity. 

Peptides and hyaluronic acid are combined in skincare products to deliver both immediate and long-term hydration and skin-firming benefits.

Prion-"like"
BMAA
ALS-PDC
Microalgae 
Cyanobacteria
Plant Root Symbiont
Cycad Seeds
Island of Guam
Flying Foxes


BMAA, microalgae, and plant root symbiosis

BMAA can be produced by both free-living cyanobacteria and those living in symbiosis with plants.Some plant species, like cycads, form symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria, specifically in their roots, which can produce BMAA.This symbiotic relationship allows for nitrogen fixation by the cyanobacteria, providing a benefit to the plant.However, the BMAA produced by these symbiotic cyanobacteria can be transferred to the plant and accumulate in its tissues, including the seeds.Research has shown that consuming these plant parts (e.g., cycad seeds) can lead to human exposure to BMAA.The presence of BMAA in the environment and its potential biomagnification through food webs is a growing concern for human health, particularly in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. 

Studies on the island of Guam linked the high incidence of the neurological disorder ALS-PDC to the consumption of cycad seeds and flying foxes, which consumed the seeds. BMAA was found in the cycad roots (produced by symbiotic cyanobacteria) and in the brains of ALS-PDC patients.
Further research indicates that BMAA can also be produced by free-living cyanobacteria in aquatic environments and can be transferred through aquatic food webs.

Synthesizing hydrochloric acid:

Direct synthesis 
(industrial and laboratory)

Chlorine and Hydrogen Combination:Chlorine gas (Cl2) and hydrogen gas (H2) are reacted in a controlled exothermic reaction, often referred to as an "HCl oven" or "HCl burner," to produce hydrogen chloride gas (HCl (g)).This resulting hydrogen chloride gas is then absorbed in deionized water, yielding high-purity hydrochloric acid, suitable for use in industries like food manufacturing.This reaction can be triggered by blue light.The primary raw materials are chlorine gas (from brine electrolysis) and hydrogen gas (from sources like steam reforming of natural gas or water electrolysis). 

Salt and sulfuric acid process (historical and laboratory)

Heating Sodium Chloride with Sulfuric Acid: In this method, common salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is heated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at elevated temperatures to produce hydrogen chloride gas.

This method focuses on recovering hydrochloric acid from spent pickling liquor (used in steel cleaning).

Hargreaves Process: This process involves heating a mixture of salt, sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and water at elevated temperatures (430-540°C).

..

hydrogen ions in alcohol metabolism

acetaldehyde detoxification

electrolyzed hydrogen water 

Hydrogen atoms play a crucial role in alcohol metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes in the liver convert alcohol to acetaldehyde by removing hydrogen atoms, which are then transferred to the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), forming NADH. The acetaldehyde is further metabolized to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) by also removing hydrogen atoms and transferring them to NAD+, producing more NADH.

..

Hydrogen water tablets
Molecular hydrogen (H2)

80 mg of Magnesium 
8 PPM (parts per million) 
Molecular Hydrogen (H2)
Malic, Tartaric, Adipic acid

Hydrogen tablets, when dropped into water, dissolve and generate molecular hydrogen (H₂), which infuses the water with H₂ gas. This process involves a chemical reaction, often using magnesium as a base, which reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium hydroxide.  

Hydrogen Generating Tablets: These tablets contain minerals that, when added to water, create a chemical reaction that releases H2 gas, infusing the water with hydrogen.

Hydrogen generating tablets, often referred to as molecular hydrogen tablets, are a form of supplement designed to produce molecular hydrogen gas when dissolved in water. These tablets typically contain elemental magnesium which reacts with water to release hydrogen gas. The resulting hydrogen-rich water is then consumed to potentially reap the benefits associated with molecular hydrogen. 

Elemental Magnesium: 
This is the core ingredient responsible for the chemical reaction that generates molecular hydrogen.Malic Acid, Tartaric Acid, and Adipic Acid: These natural acids, found in various fruits and vegetables, facilitate the breakdown of magnesium and activate hydrogen production.

 Core ingredients

Magnesium: This is often the primary ingredient in hydrogen water tablets. When magnesium reacts with water, it releases molecular hydrogen (H2) and forms magnesium hydroxide.Acids: Acids like malic, tartaric, and adipic acid are commonly included in the tablets. These organic acids contribute to:Accelerating the reaction: They help lower the pH of the water, which speeds up the dissolution of the tablet and the release of hydrogen gas.Enhancing absorption: Some formulations suggest these acids may improve the bioavailability of hydrogen at the cellular level. 

Process

Dissolution and Reaction: When you drop a hydrogen tablet into a glass of water (ideally at room temperature), the acids and magnesium react to generate hydrogen gas.Hydrogen Infusion: The hydrogen gas produced then dissolves into the water, creating hydrogen-rich water.

..

looking at the importance of stomach acids, and how they decrease with age, causing malnutrition issues.

Betaine HCL (Hydrochloride)

and looking at bringing Molecular Hydrogen (H2) levels up for overall health benefits, its Magnesium tablets with fruit acids mixed in water.

H2 Molecular Hydrogen Tablets

80 mg of Magnesium
8 PPM (parts per million)
Molecular Hydrogen (H2)
Malic, Tartaric, Adipic acid.

Magnesium makes Hydrogen from acid & water.

suspect just taking Betaine HCL & Magnesium supplement with a big cup of water would manufacture the Molecular Hydrogen H2.

..

Molecular hydrogen: a preventive and therapeutic medical gas for various diseases

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5731988/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_hydride

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride

..

Magnesium & Aether, something was pushing me to look in that direction.

over the years i have been fiddling around with Magnesium, kind of looking for something significant.

taking Magnesium supliments is ok  dosnt seem to do anything.

found the connection today, its difficult to explain, but apparently Magnesium & Water with an acidic environment, is the mineral that releases Molecular Hydrogen (H2) into Biological activity.

Magnesium is the key to Hydrogen, and Hydrogen is the smallest molecule, otherwise known as a Proton.

NAD+ATP meaning anti-ageing.

..

index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) saturation unsaturation

index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD)

https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2016/08/26/degrees-of-unsaturation-index-of-hydrogen-deficiency/

The role of hydrogen bonds and magnesium in protein structure

The three-dimensional structure of proteins, essential for their biological function, is stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds and the coordination of magnesium ions. 

Secondary Structure: In alpha-helices and beta-sheets, hydrogen bonds form between the backbone carbonyl oxygen and amide hydrogen atoms. These regularly arranged hydrogen bonds create the stable folding patterns observed in secondary structures.

Tertiary and Quaternary Structure: 

In the overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain (tertiary structure) and protein complexes formed by multiple chains (quaternary structure), hydrogen bonds also contribute to stability by forming between the side chains of amino acids and within the polypeptide backbone.

Magnesium in protein structure

Magnesium ions (Mg²), abundant in cells, are crucial for stabilizing protein structure and function, particularly in proteins that interact with nucleic acids. 

Role in Protein Structure and Function: 

Mg² ions play a role in maintaining the three-dimensional conformation of DNA and RNA and influence their interaction with proteins. They bind to various protein classes, including DNA/RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, and telomerases, regulating crucial cellular processes.

Magnesium Binding Sites:

Protein-binding sites for Mg² often involve multiple acidic residues and can be classified based on ligand arrangement, binding coordination, metal-binding specificity, and ligand types (like cofactors such as ATP). Examples include conserved motifs with multiple acidic residues, EF-hand binding motifs, and discontinuous binding sites formed by sequentially distant residues.

Effect on Protein Folding: 

Mg² is essential for all RNA folding processes and energetic states, forming a rigid, octahedral structure with oxygen atoms that incorporate phosphate groups. Mg² binding reduces electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged RNA backbone and facilitates folding into complex tertiary structures, Mg² binding can induce the folding transition of RNA, favoring the folded state.

..

The Significance of Hydrogen Bonds
In DNA: 

Hydrogen bonds are the fundamental forces that hold the two strands of the DNA double helix together, forming complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine).

In Protein-DNA Interactions: Protein-DNA recognition relies heavily on specific hydrogen bonds formed between amino acid side chains and the edges of DNA bases within the major and minor grooves. This interplay allows proteins to recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences, regulating vital processes like gene expression and DNA repair.

Magnesium's Role
In DNA: 

Magnesium ions (Mg²) are essential for stabilizing the DNA double helix. They achieve this primarily by neutralizing the negative charges of the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone, thereby reducing electrostatic repulsion between the strands and promoting their stability. This shielding effect allows the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs to hold the DNA strands together more effectively.

With Proteins: Mg² ions act as cofactors for a vast array of enzymes, especially kinases which are involved in phosphorylation processes such as glycolysis, cell signaling, and cell cycle regulation. They often participate in enzyme catalysis by correctly orienting a water molecule for the reaction or by establishing precise geometry between the enzyme and its substrate. Magnesium ions also form stable complexes with phosphate-containing molecules, notably ATP, which must be bound to Mg² to be biologically active.

..

two positive hydrogen ions become hydrogen atoms:

the reaction between magnesium (Mg) and water (H₂O) is: Mg + 2H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ + H₂. In this reaction, magnesium (a solid metal) reacts with water to produce magnesium hydroxide (also a solid) and hydrogen gas. The positive hydrogen ions (H⁺) from water are reduced to neutral hydrogen atoms, which then combine to form hydrogen molecules (H₂). 

In the reaction between magnesium ( Mg ) and water ( H2O ), magnesium displaces hydrogen from water, leading to the formation of magnesium hydroxide ( Mg(OH)2 ) and hydrogen gas ( H2 ).

..

F0 F1 ATP Synthase

F0F1 ATP synthase, found in cellular membranes, is a rotary molecular motor that plays a critical role in cellular energy production by synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The F0F1 ATP synthase, found in cellular membranes, is a rotary molecular motor that plays a critical role in cellular energy production by synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process is driven by the electrochemical potential difference across the membrane, primarily powered by a proton (H+) gradient (or in some species, a sodium (Na+) gradient) called the proton-motive force (PMF). 

Magnesium ions: Mg2+ ions play a critical role in ATP synthesis by facilitating the formation of the transition state during the reaction where ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi. 

Magnesium also plays a role in buffering the proton concentration in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS), potentially influencing the PMF available for ATP synthesis.

Glyphosate is known to chelate or bind with magnesium ions and other divalent cations. 

Chelation: Glyphosate acts as a chelating agent, meaning it forms stable complexes with metal ions, including magnesium (Mg²⁺).

Reduced Availability: When glyphosate binds to magnesium, it reduces the availability of these essential minerals to plants. This can impact plant growth and health because magnesium plays a crucial role in processes like photosynthesis.

Impact on Herbicide Effectiveness: Hard water, which contains high concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions, can interfere with the effectiveness of glyphosate-based herbicides. 

The positively charged magnesium ions bind with the negatively charged glyphosate molecules, making the herbicide less readily absorbed by plants.

Magnesium can promote the formation and enhance the survival of chondrocytes, the specialized cells responsible for producing healthy cartilage. 

Magnesium ions (Mg2+) play a beneficial role in cartilage health and repair. They promote chondrocyte viability, matrix synthesis, and the proliferation of bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Mg2+ can also enhance chondrogenesis by synovial mesenchymal stem cells.

Magnesium plays a crucial role in maintaining hair health, particularly by impacting keratin production and follicle strength. Magnesium is essential for protein synthesis, including keratin, the main protein in hair. 

It also helps maintain healthy hair follicles by reducing calcium buildup on the scalp, which can clog follicles and hinder hair growth. Furthermore, magnesium aids in blood flow to the scalp, delivering vital nutrients to the hair follicles. 

Magnesium ions are associated with tubulin and play a crucial role in microtubule assembly and dynamics.

Self‐Cleaving Ribozymes:

Twister
Twister‐Sister
Pistol
Hatchet

The Mg2+ ion (magnesium ion) is crucial for various biological functions, including those involving microtubules and ribozymes.

..

Magnesium's vital role in mRNA ribozyme function

Magnesium ions (𝑀𝑔2+) are essential for the proper functioning of many ribozymes, including those that interact with or process messenger RNA (mRNA). 

𝑀𝑔2+ plays a crucial role: 

1. RNA folding and stabilization 

𝑀𝑔2+ is generally required for the formation of the complex, three-dimensional (tertiary) structures that ribozymes need to become catalytically active.

These structures are stabilized by 𝑀𝑔2+ through interactions with the negatively charged phosphate groups in the RNA backbone. This effectively neutralizes repulsive forces that could prevent the RNA from folding correctly.In some ribozymes, such as the Tetrahymena group I intron, a core of 𝑀𝑔2+ ions is at the heart of the tertiary structure. These ions act as a scaffold around which the RNA folds.

Optimal 𝑀𝑔2+ concentrations are critical for the ribozyme to fold efficiently and avoid kinetic traps, where misfolded structures can form. 

2. Catalysis 

In addition to structural support, 𝑀𝑔2+ can directly participate in the catalytic mechanism of some ribozymes, assisting in the chemical reaction itself.For example, in the hammerhead ribozyme, 𝑀𝑔2+ ions stabilize the transition state during the cleavage reaction, potentially acting as a Lewis acid or by positioning critical residues for catalysis.

The exact mechanism of 𝑀𝑔2+'s catalytic role can vary between different ribozymes. 

3. Specific examples and interactions 

Hammerhead ribozyme: 

Research suggests that 𝑀𝑔2+ plays a dual role in stabilizing the ribozyme's structure and directly participating in catalysis. QM/MM simulations indicate that 𝑀𝑔2+ binding in the active site helps form the proper conformation for cleavage and stabilizes the transition state.

GlmS ribozyme: 

Research suggests that a 𝑀𝑔2+ near the cleavage site might be detrimental, while another 𝑀𝑔2+ position can be catalytically favorable by stabilizing negative charge and affecting the pKa of a key guanine base.

SAM/SAH riboswitch: 

𝑀𝑔2+ ions are involved in the folding and conformational changes of this riboswitch, which binds S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). 

𝑀𝑔2+ can mediate ligand binding and conformational changes that affect gene expression.Tetrahymena ribozyme: Research has explored the optimal 𝑀𝑔2+ concentrations for the folding kinetics of this group I intron, highlighting the importance of balancing stable folding with avoiding kinetic traps. 

In summary, magnesium ions are crucial cofactors for mRNA ribozymes, essential for their correct three-dimensional folding and often playing a direct role in the catalytic cleavage or modification of RNA molecules. The precise ways in which 𝑀𝑔2+ interacts with and influences ribozyme function are a key area of research in RNA biology.

..

Magnesium & DNA

1. DNA Stability and Structure:

Magnesium ions bind to DNA, reducing the negative charge density and stabilizing the double helix structure. 

This stabilization is crucial for maintaining genomic stability and proper DNA folding. 

Increased magnesium concentration increases the melting temperature of DNA, making it more stable. 

2. Enzyme Cofactor:

Magnesium is an essential cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in DNA processing & DNA polymerases.

Involved in DNA replication and require magnesium for primer extension and nucleotide incorporation.

DNA repair enzymes: 

Such as those involved in nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, and mismatch repair.

Other enzymes: 

Magnesium is involved in various other DNA-related reactions, including DNA cleavage and ligation.

The two-metal-ion mechanism is a common way DNA polymerases utilize magnesium for catalysis.

Magnesium ions mediate ligand binding and conformational transition of the SAM/SAH riboswitch

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05175-5

..

SAM/SAH Riboswitch deactivation is likely responsible for the Homocysteine problems, where the metabolism gets locked up with a cascade of Inflammation.

Magnesium facilitates the release and function of GABA in the brain. It acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in GABA synthesis, ensuring that our calming neurotransmitter is produced in adequate amounts.

health wise Magnesium is responsible for Hydrogen to release from water, both responsible for strengthing DNA & RNA from misfolding.

Magnesium is important for telomere regeneration, protein & carbohydrate metabolism into protein & cartilage.

Magnesium is responsible to keeping Potassium inside cells, and Calcium Sodium outside cell.

getting Magnesium back into cells is difficult, cant be measured, depends upon its ionic state Mg2+.

round-up pesticide in food directly binds Magnesium, thats how it kills plants & makes people deficient & chronic disease.

Magnesium deficiency & Molecular Hydrogen deficiency go together, also low digestive acids from low Chloride, means not breaking down proteins into amino acids.

lucky Magnesium Chloride is the cheapest in bulk, from sea water.

it breaks up toxic sludge buildup, unlocks metabolic blocks like Homocysteine ect..

too much will trigger a Detox reaction, flushing & gut punch.

Nitrogen / Sulfur combination meditations & supliments absolutely require Magnesium.

NAC
B1 Thiamine
Taurine
Methylene Blue
Fenbendazole

while they do fix metabolism malfunction & kill cancers, without Magnesium they cause more trouble, they Chelate it out.

Magnesium Threonate is a derivative of Vitamin C, is said to be most Brain & Spine bioavailable.

this is good for brain metabolism, homeostasis reversing neurological diseases & plaque build-up.

Magnesium needs to be bound correctly to get deep into the body, otherwise gut punch.

also Magnesium is responsible for Calcium retention in bones, otherwise the body will leach put into osteoporosis & cartovasular plaque diseases.

Hydrogen & Magnesium are hand in hand teammates in health & solar dust Filaments between stars.

the Nitrogen & Sulfur that requires Magnesium is specifically for cellular metabolism for making NAD & ATP.

and for all of that to work correctly the stomach acids need to be low enough Ph, meaning Chloride to make Magnesium release Hydrogen from water.

so Magnesium Chloride is good at that part, and they sell that as a table salt alternative, made with sea salt, just a little less Sodium.

its a little Triad that work together.

..

Magnesium Threonate tastes like salty sugar, so i tried the cheaper variety Magnesium Chloride powder & honey, and yep same reaction, head buzzey feeling.

tested the Threonate underneath the tongue for a couple days, to get a really good idea what it feels like & doing, now i can match up taste & reactions.

its doing exactly the same thing.

everything i was testing for the last few years was ultimately for NAD ATP ect.. not realizing that Magnesium is the very first domino of reactions.

..

Magnesium is the very first step in carbohydrate metabolism, whitch is the general hallmark for polymorphism & glyphosate problems.

Magnesium Chloride with the Honey & Lemon kickstarts the reaction, and at the other times Psyllium & Charcoal create an positive environment for good bacteria to flourish.


anything to do with NAD Precursors, Coenzyme-A, Nitrogen & Sulfur, all combinations require Magnesium, otherwise it stops working.

something that keeps making me think, is why Fava beans always comes up regarding metabolism disfunction, what is the actual chemical doing that?

is it similar to what Glyphosate is doing?

seems Glyphosate may enhance the toxic effects of Nightshage.

cant find a direct connection between the toxic properties, but they appear very similar.

GMO properties of some "organic" vinegars must have GMO bacteria to compensate for the Glyphosate Herbicide to be capable of fermentation.

CoA has to do with Sulfate like DMSO & MSM ect.. it requires Magnesium to metabolize correctly.

when research papers say "essential‐for" it should be in giant bold letters or something.

i may have underestimated Magnesium for far too long, mostly because its difficult for it to get into the cells.

when i tasted Magnesium Threonate it was sweet as honey, not sour like Vitamin C.

looking at Magnesium Glycinate, many people have unusual reactions, but with Bi-Glycinate it works fine, doubling the sugar to Magnesium Raito makes it absorb correctly.

Magnesium & Chloride is "essential" for Carbohydrate & Fatty Acid (Hydrocarbon Chain) metabolism, and for Vitamin A B D metabolism, otherwise everything backs up into plaque.

the very first step of carbohydrate metabolism & vitamin A being the very first vitamin, everything lockes up from the very beginning into a cascade of problems.

when Magnesium Chloride & sea salt are mixed with Honey, it changes the molecular structure of the flavor into something that tastes really good, like my cells know what it likes.

Vitamin A metabolism problems is like the very first domino that gets blocked up, causing trouble all along the way.

CH3 Methylation is one Carbon with 3 Hydrogen, Magnesium in Water & stomach acid (Chloride) makes free Hydrogen H2 that becomes a Methyl Doner.

regular Methyl Doners dont seem to actually do what its supposed to do.

Magnesium holds tue metabolic key, but need to be the right kind.

Magnesium Chloride checks all the right boxes, but still needs the Honey to become activated, otherwise it binds to everything else & never makes it into the brain & spine, just like Magnesium Threonate.

every form of Magnesium chemistry chart spins in all directions, like a swivel for Amino Acids, like how Protein & DNA can fold correctly, or backwards incorrectly.

![3-s2.0-B9780123838643000065-f06-27-9780123838643.jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmbSp8ehtiuCGbLyhyoPffj7EXnUbNKJuXYoffidGVHUMh/3-s2.0-B9780123838643000065-f06-27-9780123838643.jpg)

Glycolytic Pathway 

Ten enzyme-catalysed steps

1. Hexokinase: Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate using ATP. Magnesium is a cofactor.
2. Phosphoglucose isomerase: Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate.
3. Phosphofructokinase: Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate using ATP. Magnesium is a cofactor.
4. Aldolase: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved into two 3-carbon molecules: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP).
5. Triose phosphate isomerase: DHAP is converted to GAP.
6. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: GAP is oxidized and phosphorylated to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
7. Phosphoglycerate kinase: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
8. Phosphoglycerate mutase: 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate.
9. Enolase: 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate.
10. Pyruvate kinase: Phosphoenolpyruvate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP and pyruvate. 

Magnesium's Role:

Magnesium ions play a crucial role in several steps of glycolysis, acting as a cofactor for enzymes like hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. They help stabilize negatively charged phosphate groups during these reactions and are essential for enzyme activity. 

Key points about the glycolytic pathway:

Two phases: The first five steps are considered the energy investment phase, consuming ATP, while the last five steps are the energy payoff phase, producing ATP. 

Net yield: For each glucose molecule, glycolysis produces a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules. 

Regulation: The enzyme phosphofructokinase is a key regulatory point in glycolysis. 

Location: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

..

Glycolysis
Hexokinase (HK)
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
MgATP2
Phosphoglycerate Kinase 
Pyruvate Kinase

Hexokinase
Function: 

Hexokinase is the first enzyme in glycolysis that phosphorylates glucose, converting it into glucose-6-phosphate. This is an irreversible step, effectively trapping glucose within the cell and committing it to the glycolytic pathway. 

Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency in humans 

..

Potential Triggers:

Medications: Certain medications like antimalarials (primaquine), antibiotics (nitrofurantoin, dapsone, and sulfonamides), and aspirin can trigger G6PD deficiency symptoms. 

Infections: Infections like hepatitis A, hepatitis B, typhoid fever, and pneumonia can also exacerbate G6PD deficiency symptoms. 

Naphthalene: This chemical, found in mothballs, is also a known trigger. 

Fenugreek seeds
Fava beans

Emotional Stress: Stress can also be a contributing factor. 

..

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate

https://microbiologyinfo.com/glycolysis-10-steps-explained-steps-by-steps-with-diagram/

..

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and psychiatric diseases

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-018-0276-6

Vicine, Divicine and Isouramil have been implicated as the toxic components of fava beans.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divicine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicine

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_body

..

Behavioral and Neurological Changes: Neuroinflammation, changes in neurotransmitter levels (influenced by gut microbiota), and the impact of toxins and metabolites on brain function can lead to a range of behavioral and neurological changes. Conditions linked to gut dysbiosis and BBB dysfunction include:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Psychiatric Disorders: Depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia
Other conditions: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and "brain fog" associated with viral infections like COVID-19.

CH3 
Methyl
Hydrogen
Magnesium

G6PD 
Homocysteine

potential link between the MTHFR gene and glyphosate exposure, primarily due to the role of MTHFR in detoxification and the potential impact of glyphosate on methylation processes. 

Magnesium is a vital cofactor in the methylation cycle.

Magnesium (Mg2+) is essential for carbohydrate metabolism, acting as a cofactor or activator for numerous enzymes involved in energy production and glucose regulation. It plays a crucial role in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, influencing insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Magnesium deficiency can impair these processes, leading to insulin resistance and potentially contributing to type 2 diabetes. 

Diabetes can exacerbate amyloid and neurovascular pathology in the brain. Amyloid deposits, including amylin, can accumulate in the brain.

Research suggests that glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, may play a role in promoting neuroinflammation and the accumulation of amyloid-beta and tau proteins in the brain.

Polymorphism in the context of carbohydrate metabolism refers to variations in DNA sequences (alleles) that affect how the body processes carbohydrates.

Polymorphisms are essentially common genetic variations (occurring in more than 1% of the population) that can alter the function of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

Magnesium ions (Mg2+) play a crucial role in the structure and function of Coenzyme A (CoA) and its derivatives. Magnesium binding to CoA stabilizes its structure and affects its interactions with other molecules, influencing various cellular processes. Specifically, magnesium interacts with the phosphate groups and the adenosine ring of CoA.

..

Magnesium (Mg2+) Deficiency, Not Well-Recognized Non-Infectious Pandemic: Origin and Consequence of Chronic Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress-Associated Diseases

https://www.cellphysiolbiochem.com/Articles/000603/index.html

Mg2+ is needed to feed the electron transport chain with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) and flavine-adenine dinucleotide reduced (FADH2) due to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) requires Mg2+ to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Also, Mg2+ is fundamental to signal transduction processes requiring kinases because almost all transphosphorylation reactions require Mg2+.

..

A Magnesium Binding Site And The Anomeric Effect Regulate The Abiotic Redox Chemistry Of Nicotinamide Nucleotides

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.202400411

‘Magnesium’-the master cation-as a drug—possibilities and evidences

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8249833/

Relationship between magnesium ions (Mg²⁺), amyloid aggregation, and prion-like mechanisms

Studies show a complex relationship where Mg²⁺ can modulate amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation in various ways.

Some studies report Mg²⁺ promoting the formation of shorter, fragmented amyloid proteins, while others suggest it decreases β-sheet content, leading to aggregation-resistant states.

High intracellular Mg²⁺ can promote α-secretase-mediated cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to clearance, while low levels increase Aβ secretion.

Mg²⁺ can induce tau aggregation in vitro, but in AD models, it can also reduce tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing GSK-3β phosphorylation.

Mg²⁺ may mediate interactions between intrinsically disordered nascent protein chains and ribosomes, potentially influencing folding and aggregation in the early stages of protein life.

Mg²⁺ can also stabilize the secondary structure of some proteins and inhibit their aggregation, as shown in studies on bovine serum albumin.

The strong binding affinity of noble metals for the thiol moiety of cysteine has been exploited in materials synthesis from amyloid systems.

Magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) are crucial for RNA stability and folding, primarily by neutralizing the negative charges on the phosphate backbone of RNA, which allows for the formation of tertiary structures. 

Mg²⁺ binding stabilizes RNA by reducing electrostatic repulsion between phosphate groups, facilitating the compaction of RNA molecules and stabilizing their folded conformations.